What is Mesh Topology -Types, Components and Working

Mesh topology is a type of computer network in which each device connects to multiple other devices. Think of it as a web of connections. Unlike other network types (like star or bus topology) that depend on one main path, mesh topology has many paths. If one connection breaks, data can still travel through other paths.

For example, imagine a network in a smart home. Devices like lights, speakers, and thermostats connect. If one device stops working, other devices can still communicate through different routes.

Types of Mesh Topology

Mesh topology has two main types:

1. Full Mesh Topology

Every device or node in the network is directly connected to every other device. This creates multiple paths for data to travel between devices.

For example, in a network with four devices, each device would directly connect to the other three devices. If one connection breaks, data can still reach its destination through different connections.

2. Partial Mesh Topology

Only some devices connect directly to all other devices, while others connect only to a few devices. This setup reduces the number of connections, making it simpler and less costly than a full mesh.

For example, device A may connect to Devices B and C but not to Device D. However, Device D could still communicate with Device A indirectly through Devices B or C.

Components of Mesh Topology

The following are the components of Mesh topology

1. Nodes

Nodes are the devices in the network. They can be computers, phones, or any device that sends and receives data. In mesh topology, each node connects to multiple other nodes, helping data find another path if one connection fails.

2. Links (Connections)

Links are the connections between nodes. They allow data to travel from one device to another. In mesh topology, each node has many links, making the network reliable. Links can be wired (using cables) or wireless (using Wi-Fi).

3. Routers

Routers help direct data through the network. They find the best path for data to reach its destination. In mesh networks, routers make sure data flows smoothly, even if some connections fail.

4. Switches

Switches connect several devices within a minor part of the network. They manage data flow, especially when many devices are active. Switches keep local areas of the network organized and reduce traffic.

5. Cables (for Wired Mesh Networks)

In wired mesh networks, cables connect nodes. Commonly used cables are Ethernet or fiber-optic. These cables provide stable, fast connections, making wired mesh networks solid and reliable.

6. Wireless Access Points (for Wireless Mesh Networks)

Wireless access points (APs) allow nodes to connect without cables. In wireless mesh networks, APs create a Wi-Fi network. They also relay data between nodes, keeping the network flexible and easy to expand.

7. Protocols

Protocols are rules that guide how data moves between nodes. They ensure data follows the best paths and reaches the right place. Protocols keep the network organized and reliable.

8. Network Interface Cards (NICs)

NICs allow devices to connect to the network. Each device needs a NIC to send and receive data. NICs can be wired (for Ethernet) or wireless (for Wi-Fi).

9. Network Software

Mesh networks often use special software to manage connections. This software keeps track of traffic, finds problems, and balances data loads. It helps keep the network stable and efficient.

How Mesh Topology Works

In mesh topology, each device (or node) connects to multiple other devices, creating many possible paths for data to travel. When one device sends data, it can choose the best route to reach the destination. If one path is difficult or fails, the data will take another route.

This setup makes mesh networks very reliable because data has multiple ways to travel. It also means the network can keep working even if some connections stop working. This is why mesh topology is regularly used in places where a stable, continuous connection is essential.