15 Examples of Mutations

Mutations are genetic changes that occur in an organism’s DNA. These alterations can have significant consequences.

Examples of Mutations

Here are 15 examples of mutations in various forms:

1. Substitution Mutation

Substitution Mutation is an example of mutation, in which one nucleotide is substituted with another. For example, changing adenine (A) to guanine (G).

2. Silent Mutation

A point mutation is an example of mutation, that doesn’t result in a change in the amino acid sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

3. Missense Mutation

A point mutation that changes one amino acid to another in a protein-coding gene, affecting protein function. For example, a change from GAG (glutamine) to GUG (valine).

4. Nonsense Mutation

Nonsense Mutation is an example of point mutation that converts a codon coding for an amino acid into a stop codon, prematurely terminating protein synthesis.

5. Frameshift Mutation

The insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides, shifting the reading frame and leading to a completely different protein sequence.

6. Insertion Mutation

Nonsense Mutation is an example of mutation that occurs due to The addition of one or more nucleotides into the DNA sequence, causing a frame shift.

7. Deletion Mutation

The removal of one or more nucleotides from the DNA sequence, also causing a frame shift.

8. Duplication Mutation

A segment of DNA is copied, resulting in the presence of an extra set of genes.

9. Inversion Mutation

A segment of DNA is reversed within the chromosome.

10. Translocation Mutation

A segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another, potentially disrupting normal gene function.

11. Chromosomal Deletion

A large segment of a chromosome is missing, leading to the loss of multiple genes.

12. Chromosomal Duplication

A segment of a chromosome is duplicated, resulting in multiple copies of certain genes.

13. Chromosomal Inversion

 A segment of a chromosome is flipped in orientation.

14. Chromosomal Translocation

Parts of two different chromosomes exchange places.

15. Tri-nucleotide Repeat Expansion

The repetition of a specific triplet of nucleotides in the DNA sequence, such as the expansion of CAG in the HTT gene, which causes Huntington’s disease.