Search Results for: data communication

Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous transmission

November 17, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Synchronous transmission and asynchronous transmission both are types of serial transmission. The main difference between synchronous and asynchronous transmission is, in synchronous transmission sender and receiver should have synchronized clocks before the data transmission.

While asynchronous transmission has not required a clock, it adds a consistency bit before transmission.

Asynchronous Transmission

A type of data transmission in which data is transmitted character by character is called synchronous transmission. The time interval between characters is not the same. It is less efficient and slower than synchronous transmission.

The asynchronous transmission uses start and stops bits. When the character is about to be transmitted the start signal is sent. The value of the start bit is zero. This is called space state. The value 0 shows that the character is about to be transferred. Which alerts the receiver to get ready to receive the character.

The stop bit is transmitted at the end of each character. It informs the receiver that the character is finished. It has a binary value of 1. A value of 1 in the start bit indicates that the line is idle. It is called mark state.

Synchronous Transmission

Synchronous transmission is a type of data transmission in which data is transmitted block by block. Each block may consist of many characters. The time between characters is the same. It uses a clock to control the timing of hits being sent. The amount of information can be transmitted at a single time with this type of transmission.

Synchronous transmission is much faster than asynchronous transmission because there is no gap between the characters. The transmission is suited for remote communication between a computer and related devices like printers.

Asynchronous transmission vs Asynchronous transmission

The difference between asynchronous transmission and synchronous transmission is given below:

Asynchronous Transmission	Synchronous Transmission
Data is transmitted character by character.	Data is transmitted block by the clock.
The sender and receiver are not synchronous with each other.	The sender and receiver are synchronized with each other.
The time interval between two characters is not fixed.	The time interval between the two blocks is the same.
There may be a gap between the two characters being transmitted.	There may be no gap between the two characters being transmitted.
It uses start and stops bits from controlling the data transmission.	It uses clock signals to control the data transmission.
It provides less efficient and slower data transmission.	It provides more efficient and faster data transmission.
Asynchronous transmission is inexpensive.	Synchronous transmission is more expensive than asynchronous.
It is easy to design.	It is difficult to design.
The transmission speed is slow.	The transmission speed is fast

Related FAQs

What is the main difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous transmission?

The main difference between synchronous and asynchronous transmission is, in synchronous transmission sender and receiver should have synchronized clocks before the data transmission.
While asynchronous transmission has not required a clock, because the sender and receiver have their internal clocks so they have no need for an external clock.

What is Synchronous and Asynchronous example?

Examples of synchronous transmission are chat rooms, telephonic
conversations and video conferencing.
Examples of asynchronous transmission are e-mail, forums, and letters

Information Technology (IT) – Role, Applications

November 7, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Information technology (IT) is the branch of computer science and other physical devices to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange data and information. It is a broad term that refers to all aspects of computing and telecommunications, including hardware, software, networks, data storage, and security.

Information technology enables people to communicate with each other through high-speed computer networks. The interconnectedness of computers allows people the quickly exchange information between people in different locations. Communication links are also used to communicate with different people in the world.

Role of information technology

Information technology in Business

It is an integral part of business and can make the difference between a company’s success or failure. A company’s communications, management, and data processes can be significantly enhanced when IT professionals are involved from the start.

IT professionals play a vital role in helping management make informed decisions, whether it’s upgrading hardware, implementing new applications, or helping to manage employee communication.

This is a continuously growing field and companies with a strong IT team are likely to be more progressive and profitable in the long run.

Communication

The world has become increasingly interconnected due to advances in information technology. This means that people living in different parts of the world can communicate with each other as if they were living in the same village.

This has become possible due to fast communication links. Information can be transferred from one place to another quickly and easily.

The electronic exchange of information between various industries has enabled digital convergence, which is very important in today’s day and age. Information can be transferred in any form, such as text, photos, audio, and video. This type of technology has allowed different types of institutions and organizations to become a part of the digital world

Information gathering

Information is key in every area of life. It can be used to improve your standard of living or to solve different problems you may come across. For example, if you have the latest information about the medical field, you can use it to cure different diseases. Having this knowledge can literally be a lifesaver.

Applications of Information Technology

Some important applications of information technology are as follows:

Artificial Intelligence: It is used to develop machines with human-like qualities such as learning, seeing and hearing, etc.

Web-Based Applications: It is a type of software application that is available on the Web. The user can use it by connecting to the Internet.

E-Commerce: It is a process of performing business over the Internet. E-commerce is the online selling of products or services over the Internet. It is the fastest-growing retail industry in the world.

Mobile Commerce: Mobile commerce (also known as m-commerce) refers to e-commerce conducted via mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets, and personal digital assistants. Mobile commerce is expected to become increasingly popular over time, due to the increasing number of people using mobile phones and the fact that they spend more time on their mobile phones than on any other device.

In addition, many consumers prefer to shop while on the go, rather than sitting at home.

Computer animation: It is a process to create moving images using computers.

Distributed Computing: It is a process of running a single task on multiple computers.

Multimedia & Hypermedia: Multimedia refers to the collection of computer-presented graphics, animation, audio, and video. Hypermedia, on the other hand, is the process of creating links to multimedia files that include photos, audio, videos, and text.

Computer Security – Types of Computer Security

October 30, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Computer security (or cyber security) protects computer systems and information from harm, theft, and unauthorized use.

Computer hardware is usually protected by the same methods used to protect other valuable or sensitive equipment, such as serial numbers, doors and locks, and alarms.

There are two main ways to protect data in a database or in the cloud: One, you can simply lock down your system with security privileges.

Types of Computer Security

Computer security can be classified into four types:

Cyber Security

Cyber security involves protecting our computers, electronic devices, networks, programs, and systems from cyber-attacks. There are cyber attacks that happen when our system is connected to the internet.

Information Security

Protection of our system’s information from theft, illegal use, and piracy is known as information security. confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information are the three main objectives of information security.

Application Security

Application security involves securing our applications and data so that they don’t get hacked and also the databases of the applications remain safe and private to the owner itself so that the user’s data remains confidential.

Network Security

Network security involves protecting the user’s information about who is connected through the network. Over the network, hackers steal data packets through sniffing and spoofing attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, wardriving, etc., and misuse the data for their benefit.

Types of Cyber Attacks

There are some types of cyber attacks.

Denial of service attack or DOS

A denial of service attack is a kind of cyber attack in which the attackers disrupt the services of the particular network by sending infinite requests and temporarily or permanently making the network or machine resources unavailable to the intended audience.

Eavesdropping

Eavesdropping is when someone secretly listens to someone talk. Attackers try to steal, manipulate, modify, and hack information by listening to network communication. If a third person listens to your private talk, then he/ she is said to eavesdrop on your conversation. If you connect to your network on the internet, attackers could listen to your private conversation.

Social engineering

Social engineering attack involves gaining users’ trust and manipulating them into giving up their confidential or sensitive data. The attacker usually exploits the trust of people or users by relying on their cognitive basis.

Polymorphic Attacks

Poly means “many” and morph means “form” and polymorphic attacks are those in which attackers change their forms so that they are not recognized easily. These kinds of attacks are hard to detect.

Phishing

Working functioning is similar to Phishing and is pronounced as “fishing”. We lure fish with bait while they are fishing. In Phishing, a user is tricked by the attacker who gains the trust of the user or acts as if he is a genuine person and then steals the information.

Some of the websites that seem to be genuine are actually fraud sites. The users are tricked by these sites and end up giving their personal information such as login details or bank details. There are many types of phishes, such as voice phishes, text phishing, and so on.

Spoofing

In order to gain access to information or resources that one is not authorized to have, spoofing is the act of masquerading as a valid entity through the misrepresentation of data. Email spoofing, IP address spoofing, and MAC spoofing are all types of spoofing.

Malware

Malicious and Software are the two terms used to describe the type of malicious software. There is a piece of software that is designed to damage computers. There are a number of different kinds of malicious software.

Backdoor

A back door attack is when a piece of software gets installed in our system and affects our security. If you are installing free software from a website on the internet, consider an example. Along with this software, a malicious file also gets installed, and as soon as you execute the installed software that file’s malware gets affected, and starts affecting your computer security. This is a method of gaining access to something.

Difference Between The Internet And World Wide Web (WWW)

October 5, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The internet and World Wide Web are two different things. The internet is in itself a large network with the connection of millions of different networks. The World Wide Web is just a service that allows people to access data and information or exchange messages with other people which is only accessible by the internet.

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global network of computers that use standard protocols to communicate with each other. The Internet uses Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

Today, the Internet is a network of networks, or more precisely, a collection of interconnected systems that exchange data across vast distances. In other words, it’s made up of hundreds of thousands of individual computer servers worldwide, working together to share information.

The Internet has changed the way we live. From communication through email to shopping online, it’s become an integral part of our culture. People around the globe rely on the Internet for work, entertainment, and personal life.

What is World Wide Web (WWW)?

WWW is short for World Wide Web and is the Internet’s primary method of sharing information. It was developed at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland and became commercially available in 1990.

The web is a vast network of computers connected together via a system of communications protocols called TCP/IP.

The World Wide Web is a series of interconnected Internet websites. These sites contain hyperlinks to other websites. They are designed to make it easier to navigate through information.

Difference between the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW)

Internet	World Wide Web (WWW)
The Internet is a much larger network than the World Wide Web.	The World Wide Web is a subset of the Internet
The Internet is a hardware-based network.	The WWW is more software-oriented than the Internet.
Internet does not depend on the www.	WWW depends on the internet.
It uses an IP address.	It uses HTTP.
Its first appearance was in the late 1960s	Its first appearance was in late 1989.
The first version of the Internet was created by the U.S. military organization ARPA (now known as DARPA)	In the early days of the World Wide Web was known as NSFNET.

Related FAQs

What is the significant difference between the internet and www?

The internet is a physical network made up of many networks from all around the world, while www (World Wide Web) is one of the many services it provides. The www service allows users to access information found on the internet.

What is the identification difference between the internet and www?

The main difference between the internet and www is that the internet uses IP addresses for identification, while www uses URLs.

What is the main use of WWW?

The World Wide Web consists of a vast amount of documents that are interconnected with each other by means of hypertext or hypermedia links—hyperlinks being electronic connections that link related pieces of information so as to allow for easy user access.

What are the 4 types of internet?

WiFi
Broadband
DSL
Cables

Difference Between Input Devices And Output Devices

October 4, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

An input device is a piece of hardware that sends data into a computer, while an output device is a piece of hardware that receives data from a computer.

The data that is sent by the input device to the computer for processing is reproduced or displayed by the output device. While most devices are only input or output devices, some can also accept input and display output.

A system is only as good as its input and output devices. Input devices are devices that allow us to enter data into a computer system.

Output devices are devices that allow us to see or hear the results of the data that has been processed by the system. The most common input device is a keyboard, while the most common output device is a monitor.

Input Devices

Input devices are devices that receive information from the user. All input devices are connected to the computer so that they can communicate with each other and exchange information. The type of connector used depends on the signaling mode and protocols required for the communication. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, touch screens, and joysticks.

Output Devices

Output devices are devices that generate information for the user. These devices may be internal or external. Internal devices are those that are built directly into the device.

Output devices are those that take data from a computer and turn it into a human-readable format. Output devices can be something as simple as a single light or an alphanumeric character, or something more complex like a text display or a pointer that can display pictures or text.

Difference between input devices and output devices

Input Devices	Output Devices
Input devices give data and instructions to the computer.	Output devices get information from the computer.
Input devices take data and instructions from the user and convert them into a form that is understandable by the computer.	Output devices take information from the computer and convert it into a form that users understand.
The user has direct control over it.	The processor controls these devices.
Examples: Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanners, etc.	Examples: Monitor, printer, speaker, etc.

Related FAQs

What is input device meaning?

An input device is any piece of equipment you use to enter data into a computer. This can be something as simple as a keyboard or as complex as a joystick.

Is Speaker an input device?

Speaker is an output device that is used to display sound. It displays the data to the users.

List 6 input devices.

Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Scanner
Joystick
Webcam

List 5 output devices.

Monitor
Speaker
Printer
Video card
Audio card

Uses Of Computers For Office Automation

September 20, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Many tasks take place in an office, and those tasks can be automated using computers. Some examples include email marketing, social media marketing, and lead generation. These tasks can be automated by using software programs.

These programs are designed to streamline these tasks to make them easier and more efficient. By automating these tasks, you can save time and energy so you can focus on other things.

Additionally, by using software to automate these tasks, you are more likely to get them right. When these tasks are done manually, there is always a risk of error. These programs are also constantly being updated with new features, so they will only become more and more efficient over time. These tasks include:

Decision-making

Document handling

Communication and Storage

Computers can make office work much easier by using a variety of technologies.

Some computerized systems used in an office are as follows:

Document Management System (DMS)

DMS consists of different applications like word processing, desktop publishing reprographic, image processing, and archival storage applications.

Word Processing

Word processing (MS Word) is used to create documents electronically. It is used to produce high-quality letters, proposals, reports, brochures, etc.

Desktop Publishing

Desktop publishing is a form of editing and designing where you can make documents more attractive by adding photos and graphics. When you think of desktop publishing, you may think of huge publishing companies, high budgets, and long lead times.

But desktop publishing can also be used by small businesses who want to create their own marketing materials, as well as students and teachers who want to create books and reports that look more professional.

The basic idea behind desktop publishing is to use software to make documents look more attractive to the reader. By using desktop publishing, you can take your documents to the next level.

Spreadsheet Application

A spreadsheet application is used to maintain records and calculate expenses, profits, and losses. It is used for performing mathematical, statistical, and logical processing.

Reprographics

Individuals, businesses, and governments widely use Reprographics for publishing books, magazines, and other documents. In this process, many copies of documents are printed by printers their documents. This process is used if a single document needs to be used for multiple employees and different purposes.

Image processing

Image processing is a very important part of the modern world. It is used in almost every field, such as engineering, medicine, and many more. Image processing is used when you want to scan, store, or retouch an image.

For example, if you scan a photo into your computer, it is an image that has been processed with an image processing tool. Another example of image processing is when you take an image from your computer and edit it in a photo editing program. These are examples of image processing in the computer world.

Message Handling System

It is used to send messages or documents from one location to another. Many techniques are used for this purpose, such as facsimile (fax), email and voice mail, etc., from one location to another.

Office Support System

Groupware and desktop organizers are examples of this system. A workgroup can use this system to coordinate and manage its activities. Members can collaborate by sharing their work and communicating with one another.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Why is a computer used in the office?

In the modern office, the computer is the hub for most activities. You use it to stay in touch with colleagues via email or video chat, work on documents using Word or Excel, and access a variety of other applications.

What type of computers are used in the office?

In many offices, PCs and laptops are connected to routers to allow employees to connect with each other via the Internet.

What is the impact of using a computer in offices?

There seems to be a relationship between computer problems, increased perceived workload, and work pressure. When workers feel like they have less control over their jobs, it tends to lead to increased stress levels.

What are the benefits of replacing people with computers in the office?

·         Increased Connectivity.
·         Information Security.
·         Speed and Accuracy.
·         Hiring and Managing Employees.
·         Education and Training.
·         The Ability to Forecast.
·         Entrepreneurial Opportunity.

Difference Between LAN and WAN

September 7, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Computer networks are groups of computers connected together via a common communication protocol. A computer network consists of two or more devices (computers) communicating with each other over a communication medium such as wires, radio waves, optical fibers, etc. The Internet is a most popular example of a computer network.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that connects computers together in a small geographic region. LANs allow users to share files, printers, and other devices over a short distance. A LAN may connect two offices, a group of workstations at a single office, or even a home network.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer networking technology that provides connectivity between computers over a distance. A WAN is commonly referred to as a LAN (local area network).

A WAN uses dedicated connections to connect computers across a larger geographic region than a typical local area network (LAN), such as connecting offices in different cities.

Difference between LAN and WAN

LAN	WAN
LAN refers to Local Area Network.	WAN refers to Wide Area Network.
LAN is used to connect computers in a building.	WAN is used to connect computers anywhere in the world.
LAN covers a limited area.	WAN can cover more distance.
LAN has a fast transmission rate. Its speed is typically from 10Mbps to 1000Mbps.	Data transfer speed is slow in WAN. Data transmission rates are typically 56kbps to 50Mbps.
LAN is less costly.	WAN is expensive.
LAN is usually connected through wires.	WAN is usually connected through telephone lines.
The connection in a LAN is permanent using wires.	The connection in WAN is not permanent.
LAN is used to share files and hardware devices like printers, and modems.	WAN is used to share only data and information i.e. an email, or files.
LAN has less possibility of data transmission error.	WAN has a higher possibility of data transmission error.
In LAN, problems commonly occur due to cable disturbance by the end users.	In WAN, problems commonly occur due to communication problems in the medium.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the difference between LAN and WAN?

LANs use direct cabling, wireless radio, or infrared signals to connect computers in a small area.
WANs use long-distance transmission media such as phone lines, microwaves, or satellites.

Why LAN is faster than WAN?

WAN covers a large geographical area, but the transmission speed of LAN is faster than LAN. Because LAN covers a small area. The data transfer speed of LAN is (1000Mbps) and WAN is (150Mbps).

What is WAN used for?

WAN is used for a large geographical area. It is used for communication and sharing of information between different devices all over the world.

Difference Between Noise And Signal

September 7, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

The difference Between Noise and Signal is the information that you are trying to detect is called signal and the noise is a variation of the signal that doesn’t match the signal. To communicate ideas and information, sound and light must be modified or filtered to create noise.

What is Noise?

Noise is a term that refers to any unwanted material that a machine produces. Engineers, scientists, and musicians have all found ways to make use of noise. Noise is one of the many aspects of the natural world that we’ve learned to live with. Without the many innovations that have come from understanding noise, the world would be a much quieter place.

The first scientific paper on the subject of noise was published in 1855 by Emmanuel Baudin. He coined the term ‘noise’ and referenced it as an interference phenomenon when he first started studying acoustics. The scientists who first studied noise came up with many creative ways of dealing with the problem.

For example, Baudin used a bell to measure the amount of noise produced by a steam engine. He later switched gears and performed research on how to suppress noise in machinery; this led to him coming up with an anti-noise device for machinery. Over time, these different approaches were applied to other areas of science and technology- leading to many new creations and discoveries.

Today, engineers work on noise from the ground up when designing new devices and applications. They look for ways to reduce or eliminate unwanted sound in order hand-shaking devices. This includes reducing the weight of a device or incorporating soundproofing materials into one’s workspace environment.

Another way engineers have learned to cope with noise is by wearing ear protection whenever they work with machinery or tools. Many technological advancements are based on devices that find, stop or reduce noise- such as hearing aids or microphones in amplifiers and speakers.

Electronic signals have changed how people interact with each other; however, there is still room for improvement in the area of noise control. Physical noise is anything that causes interference in an electronic signal- such as wind or water. In addition, electrical noise occurs when interference comes from electrical current in the air or from electrical equipment such as fluorescent lamps or transformers.

In some cases, shielding the equipment from electromagnetic noise helps reduce the effects of this type of interference. Although shielding can help, it’s best to avoid creating noise in the first place by keeping equipment running smoothly or using shielded power cords for your electronics.

What is a Signal?

A signal can be made up of movements, actions, motion, and sound. The sound meaning of a signal is what we look for in this case. A signal is an electrical field or electric current that is used to convey data from one point to another.

It’s defined as a function used to convey information about the attributes or behavior of a phenomenon when it comes to deeper communication systems, electrical engineering, and signal processing. Any observable change in any quantifiable entity can be taken to mean that.

Difference Between Noise and Signal

It’s important to understand that there’s a difference between noise and signal problems. A noise problem occurs when something unwanted interferes with electronic communication- whether it’s sound, light, or both.

A signal problem occurs when trying to send information creates an unknown background noise so people can’t hear your message. For example, if you were speaking on a cell phone in a noisy restaurant, everyone around you would hear your conversation while they listened to their phones at the same time.

That’s why a noise problem can make it difficult to hear someone speaking on a cell phone. In that case, everyone needs to be aware of their surroundings when speaking on a cell phone so people around them won’t hear their conversations anyway.

There is some difference between noise and signal.

Signal	Noise
The signal is any electromagnetic field or electric current that is used to send data from one point to another	Noise is unwanted sound that is overloud and disruptive to hearing
The signal is the wanted part	Noise is the unwanted part that should be eliminated
A signal is an original sound	Noise is a sound added to the original signal
There are two types of signal digital signal analog signal	There are many types of noise like Continuous noise Intermittent noise Impulsive noise

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)

What is the difference between signal value and noise value?

A signal is a temporal or spatial variable that carries some information, while noise is a detrimental effect on a signal that reduces the visibility of that information. The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is a parameter widely used to measure signal quality. The higher the signal-to-noise ratio, the better the signal quality.

What is noise in a signal?

The noise is any unwanted interference that degrades the signal.

What are the 3 types of noise?

Continuous noise
Intermittent noise
Impulsive noise

How many types of signals?

There are two types of signal
Digital signal
Analog signal

What is the difference between noise and signal?

Noise is anything that causes interference. For example, a radio that is too loud could be considered noise. A signal is the opposite of noise. A signal is anything that is received. A radio that is tuned to the right frequency is a signal.

Computer hardware- External hardware and internal hardware

September 4, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

What is computer hardware?

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. We can see and touch the hardware components of the computer.

Computers consist of two parts hardware and software. Computers cannot work without any of them.

Hardware includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard drive, power supply, monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, etc.

In addition to providing basic computing power, the hardware also helps manage data storage and communication between programs.

External Parts of Computer

What is external hardware?

External hardware is any hardware components that are connected to a computer but are not housed within its main case. These are also known as peripheral devices.

There are two categories of external hardware components of computers based on their functionality.

1. Input hardware components

Input hardware devices are used to enter data into the computer. Users enter data through these devices.

Keyboard

The keyboard is the most important input hardware device. Most of the data is entered through the keyboard. There are many buttons on the keyboard for different purposes. Every button performs a different function.

Mouse

The mouse is a pointing device that is used to point to something and select something on the screen. It is used to enter data hence it is an input external hardware component of a computer.

Microphone

A microphone is an audio input device. It is used to enter audio into the computer. The process of entering any sound into the computer is called audio input.

Camera

The camera is an input device. It stores images digitally in its memory rather than recording them on film. The picture taken with a digital camera can be transmitted to a computer system. Many digital cameras allow users to edit images.

Many other input hardware devices are memory cards, touchpads, etc.

2. Output hardware parts

Output hardware devices are essential components of a computer system that convey information or results processed by the computer to the user or other devices.

They translate digital data into a form that humans or other machines can understand, making the computer’s output tangible and accessible.

Monitor

Monitors display images produced by video cards and are often used as television receivers. A CRT monitor uses a vacuum tube while LCDs use liquid crystals.

Speakers

Speakers are the audio output device. It is used to listen to the audio. The computer has its internal speakers but the voice quality of these speakers is not too good. So the users need to attach external speakers for better voice quality.

Printers

The printer is an output device. It is used to print character symbols documents etc. The printed copy is called the hard copy. It provides a printed copy of the document.

Internal Hardware Components

What is internal hardware?

Internal hardware components are inside your computer, that work together to process information.

The computer has many internal hardware devices like a hard drive, Motherboard, and CPU.

Hard Drive

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores digitally encoded information using rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.

HDDs were once known as Winchester drives after the manufacturer Western Digital.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

Solid state drives are a type of storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. SSDs use flash memory chips instead of electromechanical devices such as hard disks and optical discs.

Flash memory is much faster than electromechanical devices, making them ideal for storing frequently accessed files.

Motherboard

The motherboard is the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It is the heart of the computer and contains the CPU, memory chips, and various connectors.

The motherboard is often referred to as the brain of the computer.

image showing the internal device motherboard

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the central part of the computer, also called the brain of the computer. It is also known as a processor. The CPU has many parts, such as arithmetic and logic units, main memory, and I/O units.

Uses of Hardware

Here are the primary uses of computer hardware components:

Processing Data: Hardware like the CPU processes data and performs calculations for various tasks.
Storing Information: Storage devices such as hard drives and SSDs store data, files, and programs for future use.
Inputting Data: Input devices like keyboards, mice, and cameras help users input information into the computer.
Displaying Information: Monitors and screens display visuals, documents, and videos for users to see.
Playing Audio: Speakers and headphones play sound, making it easier to listen to music, videos, or system notifications.
Printing Documents: Printers provide hard copies of digital files such as reports, images, and documents.
Data Transfer: Hardware like USB drives, memory cards, and external hard drives help transfer data between devices.
Internet Connectivity: Network cards and modems enable computers to connect to the Internet for communication and browsing.
Power Supply: The power supply unit provides electricity to all the internal and external components.
Enhancing Productivity: Hardware like ergonomic keyboards, dual monitors, and external storage boosts work efficiency.
Gaming and Entertainment: High-performance graphics cards and sound systems provide immersive gaming and media experiences.
Data Backup: External hard drives and cloud-integrated storage devices ensure data is safely backed up.
Running Software: Hardware supports the operation of software, applications, and operating systems.
Improving Accessibility: Special hardware devices like adaptive keyboards and trackballs help users with disabilities interact with computers.

Statistics about the computer hardware industry

Here are some recent statistics related to the computer hardware industry that you can use for your article:

Growth of the IT Hardware Market: The IT Hardware Market size is anticipated to grow from USD 121.32 billion in 2023 to USD 177.11 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 7.86% during the forecast period (2023-2028). This market includes the global production, distribution, and sale of computer hardware components and devices.
Global Computer Hardware Market Size: In 2023, the global computer hardware market size has grown to $705.17 billion, up from $658.32 billion in 2022. This represents a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.1%.
Computer Hardware Industry Profitability: In the third quarter of 2023, the Computer Hardware Industry saw a growth in gross profits by 7.35%, while revenue increased by 6.58%. This led to an improvement in the industry’s gross margin to 44.36%, which is above the industry’s average gross margin. On a trailing twelve-month basis, the gross margin in Q3 2023 grew to 42.19%.

These statistics reflect significant growth and profitability in the computer hardware industry, indicating a robust and expanding market.

References

https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-it-hardware-market/market-size

https://csimarket.com/Industry/industry_Profitability_Ratios.php?ind=1002

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)

What are computer hardware and its types?

Computer hardware is the physical part of the computer. We can touch and see the hardware components of the computer. There are different types of hardware like monitors, speakers, keyboards, printers, etc.

What are the three main types of computers?

·         Internal devices
·         Output devices
·         Input devices

What are input devices? Give examples

The input devices are used to enter data into the computer.
Examples: keyboard, microphones, mouse, camera, etc.

What are 5 output device’s names?

·         Monitor
·         Printer
·         Speaker
·         Plotters
·         Headphones

What is the speaker explain?

Speaker is an output device that is used to loud the voice. A speaker device is a small electronic gadget that helps amplify sound waves. A speaker device is similar to a microphone except that it amplifies sound instead of recording it.

What Are The Most Interesting Topics of Physics?

August 31, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

The word “Physics” is derived from the word “Philo” and “Scipt”. Philo is a branch of philosophy and Scipt means science. When someone asks you about the definition of physics, it will become clear to you that the basic concept of physics is to understand the universe and its laws.

What Are The Most Interesting Topics of Physics?

There are some most Interesting Topics in Physics.

1. Gravity

Gravity is the force of attraction between two objects due to their mass and proximity. When we talk about gravity, we are talking about the pull of the Earth’s mass on any object. Objects closer to the center of the earth have a stronger gravitational pull than those further away. Gravity is what makes us fall off of things and keep our feet on the ground.

2. Electromagnetism

Electromagnetic radiation is the name given to waves of energy that travel through space. These waves are created by moving charged particles called electrons. There are three different types of electromagnetic radiation: visible light, infrared, and radio waves. Radio waves are used for communication over long distances using devices like cell phones and walkie-talkies. Visible light is the type of light that gives color to objects. Infrared is the light that cannot be seen with human eyes but is picked up by special cameras.

3. Nuclear Physics

Nuclear physics is the study of matter that contains protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged subatomic particles while neutrons are negatively charged. Neutrons are not affected by electromagnetism, but protons are. Proton and neutron interactions create radioactive decay.

4. Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of microscopic particles. At the quantum level, particles do not behave according to Newtonian laws; they instead follow the rules set out by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

5. Relativity

Relativity is the branch of physics dealing with how time and distance change depending on motion. Albert Einstein developed his theory of relativity in 1905. In this theory, he explained that the speed of light was constant regardless of the velocity of the observer.

6. Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the science of energy. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work is anything that causes a physical change in something else. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy. Thermal energy is the energy transferred via heat.

7. Cosmology

Cosmology is the study of the universe as a whole. It includes everything from stars, planets, galaxies, black holes, and dark matter. Dark matter is a hypothetical substance that does not emit or reflect light. It only affects the movement of normal matter.

8. Inertia

Inertia refers to the tendency of an object to remain at rest or continue moving at a constant speed unless acted upon by an outside force. An example of inertia is a ball rolling down a hill. Once the ball starts moving, it continues to roll until an external force stops it.

9. Mass

Mass is the amount of matter inside an object. A pound (lb) of water weighs about 2.2054 kg. A pound of sand weighs about 0.4535 kg. If you weigh yourself on a scale, you are measuring the weight of the whole body including everything inside your body. You cannot separate the different parts of your body and weigh them individually. To measure the mass of just your brain, you need a special machine called an electronic balance.

10. Energy

Energy is the ability to cause change. For example, if I throw a baseball, then the baseball changes state from being a solid object to becoming a gas. Energy is measured in units called joules. One joule is equal to the work done by 1 Newton-meter per second squared.

11. Force

Force is defined as the push or pulls that causes an object to accelerate or decelerate. For example, if you hold a bowling ball above your head and let go of it, the ball falls back to the ground because you applied a downward force to it.

12. Momentum

Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. Momentum is always conserved; it never decreases. For example, if a car hits a bumpy road, it gains momentum. The faster the car goes, the greater the momentum.

13. Work

Work is the product of force and distance. Work is calculated by multiplying force times distance. For example, if the force is 10 Newtons and the distance is 20 meters, then the work is 100 J.

Switched Networks-Circuit Switching, Packet Switching

August 31, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The switched network consists of interconnected nodes. Data is transmitted via these nodes. Data is exchanged between nodes so it’s called switched network.

Types of Switched Network

Different types of switched networks are as follows:

Circuit Switching

Circuit switching creates a virtual path through the network between two nodes. The whole circuit must be available to send data. Data packets can only travel along the selected link during designated periods of time.

Data is sent on circuit-switching in three phases

The first step is to establish a circuit so that data can flow between them.
The second phase moves the data from one system to another.
The third phase disconnecting the circuit stops the flow of electricity.

A telephone network is a system based on circuit switching. It was developed to allow two people to communicate over distances. The network consists of lines, switches, and circuits. In order to connect the calling person to the called one, a line is established between them. Then they can exchange information. At last, the call ends.

Circuit switching is expensive. The entire circuit is occupied during the conversation and cannot be used for other purposes. It may also delay data transfer while the connection is being set up.

Packet switching

A packet-switching network divides messages into fixed or variable-sized packets and sends them to the destination. Each packet contains overhead information about where it came from.

. The individual packets may take different routes to reach the final destination. The receiving node is responsible to rebuild the message and ensuring that all packets have been received. The packets contain the sender’s address, a destination address, and a sequence number in order to rebuild the message. Packet switching is more efficient and less expensive than circuit switching. It is used by most modern message-switching networks.

Difference between circuit and packet switching

Circuit switching is the switching method that is used in telephone networks. It sets up a temporary circuit between source and destination. The resources are reserved in network to meet the service.

In packet switching, a message is divided into a series of segments or packets. Each packet contains the destination address and controls instructions along with the message data.

Data transfer on the Internet is based on packet switching. In this case, the Internet routers use the address information in each packet to send it on an efficient path toward its destination. Different packets of the same message may follow different paths. The message is reassembled when all packets of the message are received at the destination. The communications protocol such as TCP/IP can request a retransmission of missing packets if some packets are lost.

What is Ground Wave-Definition, Propagation, And Application

August 31, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

Radio waves propagating parallel to and adjacent to the surface of the Earth are known as ground waves. The Norton surface wave is also known as the Norton ground wave because ground waves in radio propagation are not confined to the surface.

Ground Wave Propagation

Also known as a surface wave, ground wave propagation is a type of radio propagation. Waves are propagation over the earth’s surface in low and medium frequencies. The transmission between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere is what they are used for. These are waves that are made up of other waves.

It is called a ground wave because it is the sum of the waves that are reflected by the earth’s surface or any hills. The waves are able to cover beyond the horizon because of the earth’s curvature. The signals are produced by the diffracted surface wave after the waves are blocked by the earth.

The propagation of ground waves is affected by the surface’s Conductivity, with sea water providing better propagation if the surface’s Conductivity is increased. Ground waves are reduced as they follow the earth’s surface because the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor. The wavefronts are initially vertical, but the ground causes the wave to tilt forward as it travels. This will cause some of the energy to be dissipated in the earth so that the signal goes down.

Ground Wave Applications

Groundwave propagation is responsible for most long-distance LF “longwave” radio communication (between 30 kHz and 300 kHz). Mediumwave radio transmissions (frequencies between 300 kHz and 3000 kHz), including AM broadcast band, can travel as groundwaves and, for longer distances at night, as skywaves.

The lower the frequency, the better it penetrates ground and water. This is why VLF and LF waves are mostly used for military communications, especially with ships and submarines. ELF waves (below 3 kHz) can even be used to communicate with deeply submerged submarines.

Ground waves have been found to be helpful in over-the-horizon radar use, which is mainly done at frequencies between 2–20 MHz. This method has been seen to work better over areas of high conductivity, such as the sea, which can convey the waves to and from a reasonable distance (up to 100 km or more).

In the development of radio, ground waves were used extensively and were found to be quite helpful. Early commercial and professional radio services relied exclusively on long waves, low frequencies, and ground-wave propagation.

To keep things organized and to prevent any issues, amateur and experimental transmitters were only allowed to use high frequencies (HF). This was back when people thought that HF was useless because the ground-wave range was so limited.

But then people discovered that there were other propagation modes possible at a medium wave and short wave frequencies. And once they realized the advantages of HF for commercial and military purposes, amateur experimentation was only allowed on authorized frequencies in the range.

What are Microwaves?-Definition, propagation, And Uses

August 31, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light and have wavelengths between 0.3 m and 3 mm. Examples of microwaves include microwave ovens and radar systems.

These waves are used in many different ways including cooking food, heating water, drying clothes, and even curing cancer.

What are Microwaves?

The practical application of microwaves had to wait for the invention of suitable generators, such as the klystron and magnetron, as microwaves were first produced and studied in 1886.

You may know that microwaves can be used to cook food, but you may not know that microwaves can also be used for TV weather news. Microwave ovens use microwaves about 12 centimeters in length to force water and fat in food to change shape. The food is cooked because of the heat generated by the interaction of these molecules.

Microwave ovens are devices that use electromagnetic radiation at a frequency higher than that of visible light (i.e., radio waves) to produce heat. Microwaves have been widely used since the 1950s, and they are now commonly used for cooking food.

Propagation of Microwaves

Microwaves do not travel as ground waves that follow the Earth or reflect off the ionosphere, but they do travel by line-of-sight paths. Microwave communication links are limited by the visual horizon to less than 40 miles on the surface of the Earth. Rain fade is a factor at the high end of the band because microwaves are absorbed by the atmosphere. Microwave transmission is limited to a few kilometers above 40 GHz when atmospheric gases begin to absorb microwaves.

The absorption of radiation by Earth’s atmosphere is so great that it is in effect opaque until the atmosphere becomes transparent in the so-called IR and optical window frequencies.

Sources of Microwaves

A high-power microwave source uses vacuum tubes to generate microwaves. Magnetrons, klystrons, traveling-wave tubes, and gyrotrons are some of the devices that operate on different principles than low-frequency vacuum tubes, using the ballistic motion of electrons in a vacuum under the influence of controlling electric or magnetic fields.

The current mode of work doesn’t work in the density-modulated mode. This means that they work on the basis of clumps of electrons flying through them rather than using a continuous stream of electrons.

Uses of Microwaves

Microwaves are widely used for heating and cooking food. The microwaves interact with water molecules in food, causing them to vibrate rapidly and generate heat. This allows food to be cooked very quickly and efficiently in microwave ovens. Microwaves are also essential for point-to-point wireless communications like cell phones, WiFi, and Bluetooth due to their ability to transmit information efficiently even over long distances.

In addition, microwaves have applications in radar, imaging, chemistry, plasma generation, and materials testing. Radar systems use microwave radiation to detect distant objects. Microwave imaging utilizes the ability of microwaves to penetrate materials to create images for medical, archaeological, and remote sensing purposes. Microwaves can also accelerate chemical reactions, generate plasma, and characterize materials through properties like absorption, reflection, and attenuation.

Inductive Coupling | Low-Frequency Induction

August 31, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

When an electrical current causes a magnetic field to create an effect on something else, it’s referred to as inductive coupling. When this happens, the two become interdependent because of the magnetic field’s effects.

What is an Inductive Coupling?

Inductive coupling is similar to capacitive coupling except that it uses magnetic fields instead of electric fields. An inductor is a coil of wire that creates a magnetic field around it. When a voltage is connected to the first end of the coil, an electric field is created inside the coil. If a second conductor passes through the center of the coil, an induced electric field forms at the second conductor’s surface.

The magnitude of the electric field is proportional to both the number of turns in the coil and the permeability of the core material. The greater the number of turns in a coil, the stronger the magnetic field produced by the coil. The higher the permeability of the material, the easier it is for the magnetic field to pass through the material.

Low-Frequency Induction

When it happens unintentionally, low-frequency induction can be a dangerous form. The power line can cause current on the pipe if it is installed along a right of way in close proximity to a metal long-distance line. Since the pipe is a conductor, insulated by its protective coating from the earth, it acts as a secondary winding for a long, drawn-out transformer whose primary winding is the power line.

Reducing low-frequency magnetic fields may be necessary when dealing with electronics, as sensitive circuits in close proximity to an instrument with a power transformer could be dangerous. As signals in successive twists cancel, twisted wires are an effective way of reducing interference.

Magnetic shielding, moving the source of the magnetic field away from sensitive electronics, and inducing currents are some of the ways in which magnetic shielding can be beneficial. The engineers of the electrical distribution line tap into the power for cameras at the towers and at the substations to allow remote monitoring of their facilities. They don’t need to worry about changing camera batteries or solar panel maintenance because they can watch from anywhere.

Inductive coupling Uses

There are a number of examples of inductive coupling used throughout electrical technology.

Electric Motor
generators
Inductive charging products
Induction cookers
induction heating systems
Induction loop communication systems
Metal detectors
Transformers
Wireless power transfer

What is the Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)?

August 31, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

An Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS) is a device that provides backup electrical power to critical loads in case of loss of utility power.

What is the uninterruptible power source (UPS)?

UPS systems are designed to provide uninterrupted operation of computers, telecommunications equipment, medical devices, industrial machinery, and many other types of electronic devices. A UPS system consists of two major components: a battery bank and a backup generator.

A battery bank stores electricity generated by the generator and supplies it to the load when utility power fails. Generators produce alternating current (AC), while loads require direct current (DC). To convert AC to DC, a rectifier converts AC to DC. In some cases, a transformer may be necessary to step down voltage levels.

Types of UPS

There are three major types of UPS.

Standby UPS

Surge protection and battery backup are only some of the basic features offered by offline/standby UPS. Incoming utility power is usually connected directly to the protected equipment.

When the incoming voltage falls below or rises above a preset level, the UPS turns on its internal DC- AC inverter circuitry, which is powered by an internal storage battery. The equipment that was connected was switched on to the DC-AC output of the UPS. Depending on the amount of time it takes to detect the lost utility voltage, the switch-over time can be as little as 25 milliseconds. Some equipment, such as a personal computer, will not have to brown out or dip in power due to the design of the uninterruptible power supply.

Line-interactive UPS

It is possible to tolerate continuous undervoltage brownouts without consuming the limited reserve battery power of this type of UPS.

It compensates by automatically selecting different power taps on the autotransformer. Changing the autotransformer tap can cause a very brief output power disruption, which may cause a power-loss alarm to “chirp” for a moment, depending on the design.

Double-conversion UPS

The batteries are always connected to the inverter so there is no need for power transfer switches in online ups. When power is lost, the rectifier drops out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power steady and unchanged.

When power is restored, the rectifier restarts carrying most of the load and begins charging the batteries, though the charging current may be limited to prevent the high-power rectifier from damaging the batteries. The ability to provide an “electrical firewall” between the incoming utility power and the sensitive electronic equipment is one of the main advantages of an online UPS.

Uses of UPS

An uninterruptible power supply is used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment, or other electrical equipment, where an unexpected power interruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption, or data loss.

Large units that can power entire data centers or buildings, as well as ones designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor, are some of the larger units in the range.

What is a Power Supply?-Definition, And Types

August 31, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

A power supply is an electrical device used to provide power to an electrical load. The primary purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltages, currents, and frequencies to power the load.

What is a Power Supply?

The power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converts. Some power supplies are separate pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that power them. Power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices are examples of the latter.

Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load, power factor correction, and storing energy so

Types of Power Supply

There are some different types of power supply.

DC power supplies

AC-to-DC power supplies take an AC input voltage and generate a DC output voltage. Depending on what the application needs, the output voltage may have a lot of AC frequency components, called ripple voltage.

Ripple voltage is related to the AC input voltage frequency and how the power supply works. A power supply that uses DC input voltage is called a DC-to-DC converter. This section focuses mostly on the AC-to-DC kind.

AC power supply

An AC power supply uses a transformer to step up or down the voltage from the main supply and then takes it from the wall outlet. It’s possible that some filtering will take place as well. In other cases, the source voltage is the same as the output, which is called an isolation transformer.

Other AC power supply transformers don’t provide mains isolation, they are called autotransformers, and a variable output autotransformer is known as a variac.

Other kinds of AC power supplies are designed to provide a constant current and output voltages can vary depending on the impedance of the load. When the power source is direct current, an inverter and step-up transformer may be used to convert it to AC power.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

An uninterruptible power supply can take power from two or more sources at the same time. It is usually powered by AC mains and charging the storage battery at the same time. The load never experiences an interruption if the battery takes over in the event of a dropout or failure of the mains.

It should be defined as the speed of electricity within conductors, which is close to the speed of light. It’s important that transmission of high-speed data and communications service has continuity/no break.

A quasi-standard of 4 milliseconds can be used by some manufacturers. 4 ms of time in transitioning from one source to another is not fast enough with high-speed data. The method must be made in a break before the transition can be made.

What is Radio Frequency?-Definition, Radio Frequency Current

August 30, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

Radio Frequency (RF) is a type of electromagnetic radiation that occurs naturally in the environment. RF signals have wavelengths ranging from 1 meter to 100 meters and frequencies between 20 Hz to 300 GHz. These waves travel at the speed of light and are generated by many different natural phenomena including lightning, thunderstorms, and even human activity.

What is Radio Frequency?

The range of the Radio Frequency is from 20 to 300 GHz and includes alternating electric current or voltage, a magnetic field, or a mechanical system. This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies and the lower limit of infrared frequencies, which are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can travel off a conductor into space as radio waves. The upper and lower bounds for the range of frequencies are specified by different sources.

Radio Frequency currents

Special properties of RF currents are not shared by direct current or lower audio frequencies, such as the 50 or 60-hertz current that is used in electrical power distribution. Energy from RF currents in conductors can be seen as waves of radio waves. This is the beginning of radio technology. RF current doesn’t penetrate deeply into electrical conductors, but it does flow along their surfaces, which is known as the skin effect.

RF currents applied to the body do not cause the sensation of electric shock that lower frequencies produce, because of the current changes direction too quickly. RF currents can cause internal injury, as well as serious superficial burns called RF burns, which is why this does not mean they are harmless. RF currents can easily create a path through the air.

High-Frequency units used in electric arc welding use currents at higher frequencies than power distribution uses, exploiting this property. The ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material is a second property. Increasing frequencies cause the reactance in a circuit to decrease. RF current can be blocked by a coil of wire or even a single turn or bend in a wire. The reactance of a circuit can increase with increasing frequencies.

RF current has a tendency to reflect from discontinuities in the cable and travel back down the cable to the source, causing a condition called standing waves. Over transmission lines, RF current can be carried efficiently.

Application of Radio Frequency

In communication devices, radio frequencies are used in transmitters, receivers, computers, televisions, and mobile phones. The technology behind the proliferation of cell phones is called the MOS integrated circuit.

What are the Advantages of the Internet?

August 30, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. The Internet carries information and services including email, the World Wide Web, remote logins to websites, and file downloads.

What are the Advantages of the Internet?

Some important advantages of the internet are as follows:

Information Search

The internet contains information on all topics. People can search for information on any topic. Search engines are used to search for information on the internet.

E-Commerce

E-Commerce means carrying out financial and business dealings using the internet. A person can deal with his customers throughout the world.

Online Results

The internet provides the facility to display the results of students on websites. Many colleges and universities provide online results. The students view the results from any part of the world.

Online Shopping

People can buy and sell goods on the internet and can make payments using credit card numbers. The trend of E-commerce is rapidly becoming popular.

Fast Communication

The Internet is a way of fast communication. People can communicate with one another in less time from any part of the world.

Job Search

The Internet is used to search for different types of jobs all over the world. Many websites are developed that provide information to people about job vacancies. Job seekers can also apply for the job using the internet.

Entertainment

The Internet provides a lot of entertainment for people. The users can play games, listen to songs, watch movies and live matches, etc. Many websites provide entertainment material. People can also download entertainment stuff.

Online Education

The process of getting education through the Internet is called online education. Many websites provide tutorials and lectures on different subjects and topics. Some websites allow users to download these tutorials. It’s a fast and cheaper way of educating a large number of people.

Research

The Internet provides many facilities for research work it contains detailed information on different topics. The researchers can find the required information on the internet. They can also interact with other researchers in the world to share knowledge and get guidance from them.

News

Most newspapers have their website. The latest news and interviews are provided on the websites.

Search Engines

The search engine is a website that provides the facility to find required websites on a particular topic. You can find thousands of websites on any topic

Social Media

Social media are programs that allow people to communicate and interact with each other in virtual communities and networks. Popular social media sites include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube, LinkedIn, Tumblr, Reddit, and Pinterest.

Expansion Bus-Types of Expansion Buses

August 30, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The buses that connect a CPU to devices like a keyboard, mouse, or monitor are called expansion buses. These buses are typically 16 to 64 bits wide and are located on the motherboard. By connecting the CPU to an expansion slot on the motherboard, various external devices can be used.

The expansion bus allows for communication between the processor and any attached peripheral devices. Expansion buses usually provide quicker transfer speeds and wider bit widths which results in higher data transfer rates to various peripheral devices.

Types of Expansion Buses

Different types of expansion buses are as follows:

ISA (Industry Standard Bus)

ISA is an industry-standard architecture that has been used since 1984. It was developed for IBM personal computers and is the most common expansion bus. ISA bus transmits 8 or 16 bits at one time. Mouse, modem card, sound card, and low-speed network interface card are connected to the ISA bus directly or through the ISA bus expansion slot.

PCI Bus

PCI bus is a high-speed expansion bus. PCI was originally developed to meet the video demands of the graphical user interface. PCI is a high-speed 32-bit or 64-bit bus that is over 20 times faster than the ISA bus. PCI buses are widely used to connect memory and expansion boards. It is found in a modern computer.

PCI Express (PCI)

The PCI Express (PCI) bus is an expansion bus that doubles the speed of the original PCI bus. PCI Express bus is used by almost all video cards, hard disks, and network cards. The Express Card technology used in traditional notebook computers and Tablet PCs also works with PCI Express bus. It is thought that the PCI Express bus will replace the PCI bus completely.

AGP Bus

USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It eliminates the need to install cards into expansion slots. Many USB devices can be attached to the computer with single USB port USB buses are widely used to support high-speed scanners, printers, and video capturing devices.

USB

USB is a type of bus that helps to connect different devices to a computer. It’s called Universal Serial Bus because it standardizes the way that these devices connect. Many USB devices can be attached to a computer through a single USB port. USB buses are often used for high-speed scanners, printers, and video-capturing devices.

PC card BUS

This PC Card is designed for wireless local area networks. Especially, it transmits data between the PC Card bus and PCI bus. It is a Wireless LAN PC Card. It can connect two distant computers.

One computer is connected to the Access Point the other computer is connected to AP to access the first computer. This card can transfer data between the PCI bus and the PC Card bus. It is the best choice for you if you want to build a wireless network.

What is an Optical Transistor?-Comparison with Electronics

August 27, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

An optical transistor is a transistor that controls the movement of photons or particles of light. By doing this, it’s able to either switch an optical signal or amplify it.

What is an optical Transistor?

An optical transistor is a device that takes in a light signal and then amplifies the intensity of that light output. This allows for greater control over the light signal, especially when used in devices like fiber-optic communication networks or computers.

Applications

It is possible to improve the performance of fiber-optic communication networks with the use of optical transistors. Fiber-optic cables can be used to transfer data, but other tasks can be accomplished electronically. The optical-electronic-optical conversion is necessary for this.

In principle, all-optical digital signal processing and routing can be accomplished using optical transistors arranged into photonic integrated circuits. A more elaborate application of optical transistors is the development of an optical digital computer in which components process photons rather than electrons.

In quantum information processing, optical transistors that operate using single photons could be used to address individual units of quantum information, known as qubits. It is thought that optical transistors could be impervious to the high radiation of space and extraterrestrial planets, unlike electronic transistors which suffer from single-event upset.

Comparison with electronics

When it comes to optical logic, people often argue that optical transistor switching times are a lot faster than in conventional electronic transistors. The reason for this is that the speed of light in an optical medium is typically much faster than the drift velocity of electrons in semiconductors.

Optical transistors have a lot of advantages over electronic ones. They can be directly linked to fiber-optic cables, which reduces the complexity and delay in the routing and other processing of signals in optical communication networks.

There is still some debate over whether optical processing can help to reduce the amount of energy needed to switch a single transistor. For electronic transistors, it is known that a few photons per operation is the minimum required. However, it has been proposed that single-photon transistors could be used for quantum information processing, which would clearly require less energy.

Advantage

There are several advantages of optical over electronic logic, but the most significant one is reduced power consumption. This is because there is no capacitance in the connections between individual logic gates. In electronics, the transmission line needs to be charged to the signal voltage, and this capacitance is proportional to the length of the line.

This means that it can exceed the capacitance of the transistors in a logic gate when the line is the same length as a single gate. Charging transmission lines is one of the main sources of energy loss in electronic logic. This type of loss is avoided in optical communication, where only enough energy to switch an optical transistor at the receiving end needs to be transmitted down the line.

This has been a major factor in the uptake of fiber optics for long-distance communication but has yet to be exploited at the microprocessor level.