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Scripting Languages-Different Types of Scripting Languages

August 15, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Scripting languages are computer programs that allow you to automate tasks or create interactive applications. Scripting languages are a kind of computer language that is used to give instructions to other software like web browsers, standard applications, and servers.

They are often used to build websites and web apps. Scripting languages are also used to write code for games, video editing software, and even mobile apps.

A scripting language is a type of programming language that allows you to write scripts or programs without having to learn a new coding language. These include JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl, and Tcl.

Scripting languages are usually interpreted, meaning they run through a program before executing the instructions. This means that they don’t require compilation.

Different Types of Scripting Languages

there are different types of scripting languages

JavaScript

JavaScript is a client-side scripting language that is used for building interactive web pages. It is highly versatile and can be used for everything from small scripts to full-blown applications.

Javascript is a powerful programming language that allows different web browsers to interact with each other. It is now widely used across the web. If you want to build a website or develop a web application, you should know how to code using Javascript.

Python

Python is a high-level scripting language and an example of Interpreted language developed in 1991 by Guido van Rossum at AT&T Bell Laboratories. The name comes from Monty Python’s Flying Circus where Python was the character played by John Cleese.

Python is a general-purpose programming language that has become very popular over the years. Its popularity is due to its ease of use, readability, and extensibility. Python is also free software and open source, meaning that anyone can study or modify the code.

Python is a powerful tool for data analysis, web development, scientific computing, artificial intelligence, robotics, games, and much more

Perl

Perl is a scripting language that is widely used throughout the web. It is powerful and flexible, making it ideal for tasks where speed and efficiency are paramount. It was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987. The name comes from his initials L.R.M.

Perl is also known for its ease of use, which makes it perfect for beginners.

PHP

PHP was originally developed by Rasmus Lerdorf at Netscape Communications Corporation in 1994. Since then, PHP has grown into a powerful programming language that powers over 80% of all websites today.

PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language. It is designed to allow developers to write dynamic web pages. The syntax of PHP is very similar to C, Java, Perl, Python, and Ruby.

Bash

Bash is a general-purpose programming language. It has features similar to C, Perl, Python, Ruby, Java, etc. It also supports some other languages such as AWK, sed, grep, etc.

Ruby

Ruby is a general-purpose dynamic object-oriented scripting language. It was created at the University of Japan in 1993. The name comes from the Japanese word ‘ruby’ meaning ‘to rub together.

Ruby is a very powerful and flexible language. It has a syntax similar to Perl and Python. It also supports multiple paradigms such as functional, procedural, and OOP.

Advantages of Scripting languages

There are many advantages of scripting language

Easy To Learn and Use

Scripting languages are easy to learn and use. Most programming languages have similar syntaxes and structures. You can easily pick up a scripting language and start coding right away. If you’re familiar with any other programming language, learning a scripting language will not take long at all.

Advantages of scripting languages

Scripting languages have many advantages

Easier To Understand

When you read code written in a scripting language, it’s easier to understand what’s going on. You’ll find yourself reading less code and understanding it faster.

Fast

Scripting languages are fast. When you write code in a scripting language, you won’t have to wait around for the computer to do its thing. Your script will run immediately after you type it.

Great Flexibility

If you want to change something about your app, you can modify the script instead of modifying the code. You can add features to your app without changing the underlying code.

Light-Emitting Diode(LED) | Definition, Types, Advantages, And Disadvantages

August 15, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

A light-emitting diode is a light source that emits light when the current flows through it.

light-Emitting Diode

An electronic device that emits visible or IR light when it is charged with an electric current is called a light-emitting device. In many electronic devices, visible light-Emitting Diodes are used as indicator lamps, in automobiles as rear window and brake lights, and on billboards and signs as full-color posters.

Light sources in fiber-optic telecommunication systems, as well as light sources in autofocus cameras and television remote controls, are employed in the use of infrared LEDs.

Working of LED

In a light-emitting Diode, the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a Semiconductor produces light, which can be visible, visible, or UV. The wavelength of the light can be determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductors used.

Since these materials have a high index of refraction, design features of the devices such as special optical coating and die shape is required to efficiently emit light. Unlike most lasers, its radiation is not spatially coherent, so it cannot approach the high-intensity characteristic of lasers, and its spectrum is sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human eye as a pure (saturated) color.

Types of light-Emitting Diode

Miniature light-Emitting Diodes
High-Power light-Emitting Diodes
Flash light-Emitting Diode
Bi and Tri-Colour
Red Green Blue light-Emitting Diodes
Alphanumeric light-Emitting Diode
Lighting light-Emitting Diode

Uses of light-Emitting Diode

Light-emitting devices are used in a lot of fields including optical communication, alarm, and security systems. They are also used in remote-controlled operations and more. We use it in a lot of places because of its long-lasting capability, low power requirement, fast switch capacity, and rapid response time. We are going to take a look at some of the standard uses of the light-emitting diode.

TV back-lighting

The TV’s backlight is the main power-hungry source. Efficient power reduction can be achieved with the use of LEDs. When we use LED at the TV’s edges, it is going to be a cost-reduction option. The difference between the display and the LEDs behind it is much better. This is the reason why TV backlighting has been replaced with LEDs.

Smartphone Backlighting

It is possible to make a low-cost backlight design for our smartphones with the help of LEDs. As per the size of the display of the phone, the price ofLED can be different, but the lower output voltage ensures a longer battery life.

Displays

Storage signs, billboards, road signs, etc., are some of the things that use outdoor display boards. In signboards that have multiple languages, the use of more LEDs will be beneficial in terms of less power consumption.

Automotive

There has been an increase in the use of LEDs in the automotive industry. It is possible to save energy and make visibility clearer by using them. Better accessibility is given by the fact that they come in use in the back and rear of an automobile. It can enhance the pedestrian’s and driver’s safety because of enhanced visibility.

Advantages of light-Emitting Diode

The efficiency of lighting is not affected by size or shape. Traditional lighting methods need to use color filters in order to emit light. This can lower costs. The smallest LEDs can be attached to printed circuit boards. The LEDs light up quickly. Communication devices that use LEDs have even faster response times. With frequent on-off cycling, LEDs are ideal for use, unlike high-intensity discharge lamps that take a long time to restart.

When viewed on camera or by some people, LED lights, particularly headlights on cars, seem to be dim due to pulse-width modulation. This type of effect is called the stroboscopic effect. In contrast to most light sources, the LEDs emit very little heat in the form of IR, which can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics.

As heat moves through the base of the light-emitting device, wasted energy is dispersed. There are two types of failure: slow failure and abrupt failure. Slow failure is caused by dimming over time, whereas abrupt failure is caused by overloading. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though the time to complete failure may be shorter or longer, depending on the condition of use.

Several DOE demonstrations have shown that reduced maintenance costs from this extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, are the primary factor in determining the payback period for an LED product. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.

The total internal reflection (TIR) lens is often used for larger packages. Many light sources are usually deployed when large quantities of light are needed, which makes it difficult to focus or collimate towards the same target.

Disadvantages of light-Emitting Diode

The ambient temperature of the operating environment is the most important factor in determining the performance of the LEDs. Failure of the device may be caused by overheating of the package as a result of overdriving the light-Emitting Diodes in high ambient temperatures. It is necessary to have a heat sink to maintain a long life.

It’s important in automotive, medical, and military uses where devices need to operate over a wide range of temperatures and have low failure rates. The LEDs must be supplied with a voltage above their threshold and a current under their rating.

Current and lifetime changes can be very large with a small change in applied voltage. They need a current regulated supply (usually just a series Resistor for indicator LEDs) in order to make cool-white LEDs. Red surfaces being rendered particularly poorly by typical phosphor-based cool-white due to metamerism can make the color of objects appear differently under cool-white led illumination than sunlight or incandescent sources. The same thing happens with green surfaces.

The Color Rendering Index is used to measure the quality of a color rendition of any LED. The area light source is not a point source of light giving a spherical light distribution, but a Lambertian distribution. LEDs are difficult to apply to uses that need a spherical light field; however, different fields of light can be manipulated by the application of different optics or “lenses”. It is not possible for LEDs to provide divergence below a few degrees.

Electrical Devices-Definition, Example, And Disadvantages

August 13, 2022 by Qamar Zaman Leave a Comment

An electric device is any device or equipment that operates using electricity as its source of power or energy. It is designed to perform specific functions or tasks by utilizing electrical energy.

Electric devices can vary widely in their size, complexity, and purpose, ranging from small handheld gadgets to large industrial machinery.

What are Electrical Devices?

The devices that convert the current into other forms of energy are called electrical devices. The metal is used for conducting. The high alternating current is what electrical devices work on. The power consumption of electrical devices is high. The category of electrical devices is different than the category of electronic devices. An electronic device, such as a cell phone or mp3 player, uses complex manipulation of electricity to perform additional actions by using the electronic current to add audio or visual information.

History of Electrical Devices

The invention of the first electrical batteries in 1800 was 100 years before the creation of the electronics field of study. An electrical battery was used in the Parthian Empire in the second century B.C., according to some archaeological evidence. The telegraph, which was invented in the 1830s, was one of the early electrical devices.

The telegraph used a type of code called Morse code, invented by Samuel Morse, to allow for nearly instantaneous communication over long distances. A temperature control feature on a toast is one of the modern electrical devices that have electronic components in them.

Examples of Electric Devices

Electric devices are an integral part of our daily lives and they span a wide range of applications. Here are some common examples of electric devices:

Voltmeter

A voltmeter is an electrical device used to measure voltage, which is the potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. It typically consists of a sensitive galvanometer and a set of resistors.

When connected in parallel across a circuit component, the voltmeter measures the voltage drop across that component. It allows physicists to quantify the electrical potential at different points in a circuit and study the distribution of electrical energy. Voltmeters are extensively used in physics experiments involving circuits, electromagnetism, and electronic devices.

Ammeter

An ammeter is a device used to measure the electric current flowing through a circuit. It is designed to be connected in series with the component or circuit being analyzed. The ammeter measures the flow of charge per unit of time and provides valuable information about the intensity of the electric current.

By using ammeters, physicists can study the behavior of electric currents, analyze circuit characteristics, and explore concepts such as Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws. Ammeters are essential tools in physics experiments involving electrical circuits, electromagnetism, and electronics.

Ohmmeter

An ohmmeter is a device used to measure electrical resistance. It determines the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit or a component. Ohmmeters typically utilize a known voltage source and measure the resulting current to calculate resistance using Ohm’s law.

By measuring resistance, physicists can analyze the conductivity of materials, investigate the behavior of resistors, and assess the overall performance of electrical circuits. Ohmmeters find extensive applications in physics experiments involving circuit analysis, material characterization, and electronic component testing.

Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a powerful instrument used to visualize and analyze electrical waveforms. It displays voltage signals as a function of time, allowing physicists to observe the shape, amplitude, frequency, and phase of electrical signals.

Oscilloscopes provide detailed insights into the behavior of electrical signals in circuits and systems, making them invaluable in physics experiments related to signal analysis, wave propagation, and frequency characterization. They are widely used in fields such as electronics, telecommunications, and optics.

Function Generator

A function generator is an electronic device that produces various types of electrical waveforms. It can generate sine waves, square waves, triangular waves, and other waveforms with controllable parameters such as frequency, amplitude, and phase.

Function generators are employed in physics experiments to provide standardized input signals, simulate real-world phenomena, and study the response of circuits and systems under different conditions. They are particularly useful in experiments involving wave phenomena, system characterization, and frequency analysis.

Power Supply

A power supply is an electrical device that converts input power into the required output power for a specific application. It provides a stable and regulated electrical energy source to power other devices or circuits.

Power supplies come in different types, including linear power supplies and switching power supplies, each with its own advantages and applications. In physics experiments, power supplies are essential for providing reliable and controlled electrical energy to various components, circuits, and systems.

Multimeter

A multimeter, also known as a multitester or VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is a versatile device that combines the functionalities of a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter in a single instrument. It allows physicists to measure voltage, current, resistance, and other electrical quantities using different measurement modes.

Multimeters provide convenience and efficiency in physics experiments by eliminating the need for multiple devices and enabling quick and accurate measurements. They are widely used in various branches of physics, electronics, and engineering.

Digital Logic Analyzer

A digital logic analyzer is a specialized instrument used to capture and analyze digital signals. It provides a detailed view of the timing and voltage levels of digital waveforms, making it easier to understand and troubleshoot complex digital systems.

Digital logic analyzers are indispensable in physics experiments involving digital electronics, digital communication, and digital signal processing. They help physicists analyze and optimize digital circuits, verify the correctness of digital protocols, and identify potential issues in digital systems.

Electroscope

An electroscope is a simple device used to detect and measure electric charges. It typically consists of a conducting rod or disk connected to two thin metal leaves. When an electric charge is applied to the electroscope, the leaves repel each other, indicating the presence of charge.

Electrometers, a more sophisticated version of an electroscope, can measure the magnitude of the charge. Electroscope experiments are commonly performed in physics to study electrostatics, investigate charge distribution, and explore the principles of electrostatic induction.

Capacitor

A capacitor is an electronic component used to store electrical energy in an electric field. It consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. When a voltage is applied across the capacitor, it charges and stores energy in its electric field. Capacitors are essential in physics experiments involving energy storage, time-dependent circuits, and analog electronics. They find applications in a wide range of fields, including electronics, power systems, and telecommunications.

Inductor

An inductor is an electrical device that stores magnetic energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it. It typically consists of a coil of wire wound around a core material. Inductors resist changes in current flow and store energy in their magnetic fields.

Inductors play a crucial role in physics experiments related to electromagnetism, energy conversion, and signal processing. They are widely used in applications such as power supplies, transformers, and electronic filters.

Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device that amplifies and switches electronic signals. It is a fundamental building block of modern electronics and has revolutionized the field of technology. Transistors allow physicists to control the flow of current through a circuit and amplify weak signals to a usable level.

They are widely used in physics experiments involving amplification, switching, modulation, and digital logic. Transistors have applications in various fields, including telecommunications, computing, and solid-state physics.

Photodetector

A photodetector is a device used to detect and measure light intensity or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It converts light energy into an electrical signal for further analysis and processing. Photodetectors are essential in physics experiments involving optics, photonics, and spectroscopy.

They enable physicists to measure light intensity, study the interaction of light with matter, and explore phenomena such as the photoelectric effect and quantum optics. Photodetectors find applications in fields such as imaging, communications, and scientific research.

Transformer

A transformer is an essentially electrical device used for voltage transformation. It consists of two or more coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary windings, which are wrapped around a common magnetic core. Transformers are widely employed in power transmission, distribution systems, and various electrical applications to efficiently change the voltage level of alternating current (AC) electricity.

Advantages of Electrical Devices

There are some advantages of electrical devices given below.

Efficiency: Electrical devices generally operate with high efficiency, converting electrical energy into useful output with minimal waste. This efficiency helps conserve energy and reduce overall electricity consumption.
Convenience: Electrical devices provide convenience and ease of use. They automate tasks, simplify daily routines, and save time and effort. From kitchen appliances to electronic gadgets, electrical devices make our lives more comfortable and efficient.
Versatility: Electrical devices are highly versatile and adaptable. They can be designed to perform a wide range of functions, from heating and cooling to communication and entertainment. This versatility enables them to meet diverse needs and cater to different preferences.
Precision and Control: Electrical devices offer precise control over various parameters. For instance, temperature-controlled appliances allow users to set specific temperatures, ensuring optimal conditions. Such control enhances safety, efficiency, and user experience.
Productivity: Electrical devices enhance productivity in various sectors, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and communication. They enable faster and more accurate processes, leading to increased productivity, improved quality, and higher output.

Disadvantages of Electrical Devices

Electrical devices have become an integral part of modern life that offer numerous benefits and conveniences. However, they also have some drawbacks.

Energy Consumption: Electrical devices consume energy, contributing to the overall demand for electricity. This reliance on energy sources can strain power grids, increase energy costs, and have environmental implications, especially if the electricity is generated from non-renewable sources.
Environmental Impact: Some electrical devices, such as certain appliances and electronics, contain hazardous materials like lead, mercury, and other pollutants. Improper disposal of these devices can harm the environment and human health.
Dependency: Excessive reliance on electrical devices can lead to dependency and reduced self-sufficiency. Power outages or malfunctions can disrupt daily activities and impact individuals who heavily rely on electrical devices for essential tasks.
Initial Cost: Some electrical devices, especially advanced or specialized ones, can have a high initial cost. This cost may deter some individuals or organizations from acquiring certain devices, limiting access to their benefits.
Maintenance and Repair: Electrical devices may require regular maintenance and occasional repairs. This can involve additional costs, inconvenience, and the need for technical expertise. In some cases, repair or replacement parts may be expensive or hard to find.

Network Devices – Types of Devices of Computer Network

August 11, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Network devices are electronic devices that connect computers over a network. They allow us to share information and resources across networks.

Network devices such as routers, switches, firewalls, and modems are essential tools for connecting computers. These devices are also used to secure data transmissions and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information.

Types of Devices of Computer Network

Different devices to connect networks of computers are as follows

Router

A router is an external hardware component that connects two or more networks. It manages the best route between any two communication networks. It consists of hardware and software.

The hardware can be a network server or a separate computer. The software includes an operating system and routing protocol. It allows data to flow between them. For example, a router might route traffic from one part of the house to another. Or it might direct traffic from the LAN to the Internet.

They connect networks of different countries. They transfer data in less time.

Gateway

Gateway is a term used to describe a computer or device that connects two networks with different types of protocols. For example, a gateway that allows computers to connect to the Internet.

Gateways allow us to access information from other networks. They also provide security and privacy. In addition, they can be used to share files and data between multiple devices.

Hub

A hub is a device that allows multiple computers to share a single connection to the Internet. This means that they can access the same resources at the same time.

Bridges

The bridge is a device that connects two network segments. It is used to connect similar types of networks. When a bridge receives a signal, it determines the segment where the signal should be sent. It reads the addresses of sending and receiving computers.

If both computers are in the same segment, the bridge does not pass the signal to the other segment. It reduces network traffic and increases network performance.

Repeater

Repeaters are used to extend the coverage area of a wireless LAN, allowing multiple APs to connect to clients within their range. The repeater relays traffic between the APs, extending the range of the network. A repeater operates on the physical layer.

Its work is to regenerate the signals. The repeater copies the signal bit by bit to regenerate it when the signal becomes weak. The repeater has 2 ports.

Switches

It is a data link layer device. It checks the error before the transmission of data. It does not forward the data packets if they have an error it just sends the selective packet which is error-free.

Application Layer in OSI Model | Application Layer Protocols

August 10, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The application layer of the OSI model is the layer where different protocols reside. There are multiple protocols like TCP/IP, UDP, ICMP, etc., which communicate between the hosts and the router, and different devices.

The Application layer works as a gateway to transfer the data and information. The operating systems and networking software that we use for communication and sharing of information is the application layer of the OSI model.

image showing the Application layer of OSI model

An application layer provides communication between the applications and the server. The application layer is responsible for the transport of information from one end to another end.

The application layer provides a platform for software to communicate with each other and to exchange information. This layer is also known as the client/server layer.

The applications are on the client side and the server is the host. The network software and protocol run on the application layer to communicate with the servers.

The application layer is also used for providing security. It uses encryption techniques to encrypt the data before sending it to the destination.

Application Layer Protocols

There are different protocols for the application layer

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File transfer protocol is used to transfer files from one computer to another. The file transfer protocol was developed to allow two computers to exchange information over a computer network.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is used to transfer web pages and other documents from one end to another. If you want to access a website, you type its URL into your web browser. The browser then sends a request to the server at the site asking for data. The server responds by sending back the requested information. There are many web browsers that use this protocol.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

It’s a standard protocol used to transfer emails between computers. If you want to send an email message, you’ll need to configure your mail server to accept incoming connections. This is done using the SMTP protocol.

Network Management Protocol (NMP)

NMP is used to manage the network devices. NMP is a protocol designed to manage network devices such as switches, routers, firewalls, etc. The protocol was developed by Cisco Systems Inc. in 1999.

Remote Login Protocol (RSP)

Remote login protocols allow users to access their computers remotely without having to physically connect them. They provide secure connections between two devices over the Internet.

File Transfer Protocol over Internet Protocol (FTP over IP)

FTP over IP is used to transfer files and folders from one computer to another. FTP over IP allows you to transfer files via the internet. This means that you don’t need to connect to a local area network (LAN) or even a router. Instead, you can simply send the files directly to the other device.

Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

RPC is used to execute applications remotely. RPC has become very important in modern software development because it allows developers to write their code once and run it anywhere. In addition, it provides a simple interface for clients to access services.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

DHCP is used to assign addresses to the hosts. DHCP is a service provided by network routers that assign dynamic IP addresses to devices connected to the Internet. The goal of DHCP is to provide each device with a unique address, allowing them to communicate with other devices on the same network.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

SNMP is used to monitor and manage network devices.

Telnet

Telnet is a simple protocol that provides a connection between the terminal and the server.

Applications of Computer in the Agriculture

August 9, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The computer is very useful in farming because it has replaced the human beings with machinery. Computer in Agriculture (CiA) is a project developed at the University of California, Davis, USA. CiA aims to develop a computer system that integrates information about crops, soils, water, weather, and farm management practices.

The goal of CiA is to provide farmers with timely and accurate information to help them make decisions about their farms. CiA uses data collected from sensors placed on the farm to monitor the environment and collect real-time data.

CiA collects data using wireless sensor networks (WSN). WSN consist of low cost sensors that communicate wirelessly with each other over short distances. These sensors measure physical parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall, etc., and transmit these readings to a central database.

Now farming is very easy because computerized machinery has made it easy. The work that was done by human beings in the past is now done by machines in less time. There are also many other uses of computers in agriculture which are given as:

Keeping records

In agriculture, the computer is used to keep records of the productivity of the crop or loss of the crop. It is also used for budget information and equipment. They also use a computer to keep information about their animals.

Geography

The computer is also used to map the factors and the areas that affect the crop’s productivity or yield. For this purpose, a global positioning system is used (GPS).

Farm software

For livestock farming, today a lot of farming software’s present that detects the age, health, and milk production of the animals. It also gives information on the reproductive cycle of the animal.

Internet Forums

Through the internet forums, farmers get a lot of information about agriculture. A lot of articles are present that are useful for the farmers for the production of their crops.

Communication

A computer is also useful for communication between experts and farmers. Farmers communicate with each other to discuss the problems and diseases of the crops. And this helps them a lot to solve their problems and to increase their productivity.

Delivery of machinery

A computer has lessened the work of human beings that we do not need to go outside for the equipment. Farmers can easily buy equipment online without any struggle. They just have to place their order and the delivery boy delivers the items to their home.

Autonomous farm equipment

These are the equipment that has replaced the work of human beings. In past, all the farmers need human beings for farming. They sow and grow the crops by their selves. But today human beings are replaced by machinery. Now tractors and other farming equipment’s are present in farming.

Agricultural robots

Agricultural robots are machines that perform agricultural tasks automatically. Robots are used to spray pesticides, apply fertilizer, harvest crops, and do many other things. Agricultural robots are controlled by computers.

Uses of Computers in Business – Marketing, Business Management

August 8, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Computer is playing an important role in business. The computer has become an integral part of our lives. From email to social media, from banking to shopping, computers are everywhere. In fact, according to a recent survey, nearly 90% of us use them every day.

The computer provides a lot of facilities in the business. People use computers to interact with their customers. They also use the computer for payment purposes for selling and purchasing things. Computer helps to reduce the wastage of time and money. In business computer is used in the following ways:

Marketing

The computer is used for the marketing of products. Marketing provides information about the product that customers want to buy. The computer is also used for the advertisement of things.

Stock Exchange

In business stock exchange is the most important thing. Many stock exchanges use computers to conduct bids. All trading activities are performed by a computer.

Brokers use computers to match buyers with sellers. This is also useful for the reduction of money because we do not need any specific place for arranging a meeting.

Banks

In banks, the computer is mostly used. The computer provides a lot of benefits to banks. In banks, the computer is used to connect the different branches of the banks.

The computer is used for communication between them and for keeping records of the transactions. In banks, ATMs provide the facility for money withdrawal from machines. Banks also use computers to record customers’ accounts.

Departmental store

In departmental stores, the use of computers has made business activities fast and accurate. In stores, a barcode reader is used for checking the price of the things and then the seller makes the receipt of it with the help of a computer for payment. The computer is also used for keeping a record of the sale.

Office Automation

Office automation is the process of automating office tasks with the help of a computer. The computer is used for many purposes in the office such as for making decisions for the handling of documents. Different technologies of computers are used for these activities.

Communication

In offices, computer is also used for communication. It connects the employees. If the business is divided into different branches computer is also helpful in connecting these branches. It also connects the employees with clients.

Business Managemen

The computer is also useful for the management of the business. In business, administration computer is used for better productivity. With the help of the computer, employees work well with less time and this is helpful for business management.

Keeping records

In business, the computer is the only way by which we can manage our records. The record is very useful for the productivity of the business. The computer manages the records of selling and purchasing. And with the help of this record, the seller calculates his profit and loss.

Uses of Computer at Home

August 8, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Computers are playing an important role in a home. They offer many uses and benefits when used at home. From entertainment and communication to education and productivity, computers play a crucial role in many aspects of our home life.

12 Uses of Computer at Home

Here are some common uses of computers at home:

1. Home Budget

A computer is used to make budgets at home. We can easily calculate our expenses and income and how to utilize the money by making a proper plan. We can make a proper plan by making columns of our expenses and income. And then we can easily calculate the money budget given in these columns.

2. Computer games

The computer is most importantly used for playing games at home. Different types of games are available on computers which are a source of refreshment and entertainment for us. By playing some games our mental capability increases and becomes strong.

3. Working from home

A Computer is also helpful for online work. Such as, we can manage our work at home and owners also check their work online. Sometimes people also start an online business. People manage their offices by sitting at home.

5. Entertainment

A Computer is also a source of entertainment. A lot of entertaining videos, movies, and other things are available on the internet. We can also download songs and movies to watch later. We can also watch live matches on the Internet.

6. Information

A Computer is the only platform that provides a lot of information about any topic without any waste of time. Many educational websites are available. We can also download books from here.

7. Chatting

A computer can also provide the benefit of chatting with our friends. We can send messages and data.

8. Online shopping

A Computer is also a source of shopping. We can buy anything by sitting at home. Today people buy things with just one click. We can visit websites for dresses or kitchen accessories and just order things that we like. After this, we can place our order and the delivery boy deliver this order to our home.

9. Online bill payment

A Computer also provides the facility of online bill payment.

Example

Many people work more than one job at a time so they cannot go everywhere by themselves to pay. As a result, they pay their bills online

10. Business

Today computer is also useful for online business or marketing. It is the business that happens on the internet. We can also buy and sell things online by providing online services. We do not face the problem of time in online business. We can work at any time and any place.

11. Online Education

A computer is a big source of online education. We can find lectures on any topic. We can also take online courses. If we have no time for our kids to teach them then we can provide them with computers for online education.

12. Internet Browsing

Computers provide access to the internet, allowing users to browse websites, search for information, read news, watch videos, and shop online. For this purpose, different web browsers are used.

What are the Uses of Computers in the Banks?

August 8, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The major use of computers is in banks. The working of banks is incomplete without computers. Because the computer is the only device through which banks perform their transactions and many other things such as transfer of money, funding, and communication with other banks. Here are some of the uses of computers in banks are given:

Store account details and data:

Banks use computers to keep the account details. The computer also helps to keep the record of the bank which is very useful for the transferring of funds. The details of the account are very important to store because the bank is based on it.

It is also useful to keep track of the bank record. The computer also stores a lot amount of data which cannot be done without the help of the computer. It stores the record of the clients and their information.

Counting Machine

Cash counting machines are used to count cash in banks and other financial institutions. Counting machines are usually located near tellers’ windows where customers deposit their cash.

Communicate with the other bank records

The computer is also helpful for communicating with other banks. Banks cannot communicate without the help of computers because all the branches of the banks are connected with each other with the help of the computers which transfer the data and money within each branch. Banks use the WAN network for this purpose.

Print account statements

As the computer is used for many purposes in banks. One of the basic purposes of the computer is also to print the account statements of the account holders. These receipts are given to the customers as per their requirements.

ATM

An Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is a machine that allows customers to withdraw cash from their bank account or deposit cash into their bank account. In ATMs, computers are used. They are usually found at banks, convenience stores, supermarkets, gas stations, etc.

An ATM is a device that accepts deposits and withdrawals of cash through a network of computers. The machines are also known as automated teller machines, automatic teller machines, or ATMs.

Perform account calculations

As we know banks perform transactions at a high level. These transactions may be from 5000 to 50 million or billion. Hence it is impossible for employees to perform account calculations. Here the only way for calculations is through computers because the computer is only invented to perform calculations.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Why banks are going to be digital?

Banks are going to be digital because through digital banking everyone can do their transaction sitting at home. They can pay bills, do online shopping, e-tickets, and do many other works without going physically.

How is a computer helpful in the bank?

Banks and other financial institutions rely heavily on computers to keep track of customer accounts, ledgers, updates, electronic fund transfers, and the processing of large amounts of cheques, credit cards, and transactions that take place on a daily basis.

Which type of computer is used in ATMs?

In Automated Teller Machine (ATM), mainframe computers are used to check your bank account. Today, these types of computers play a central role in the daily operations of some of the world’s largest corporations.

Is ATM a machine or a computer?

An automated teller machine, or ATM, is a specialized computer that enables bank account holders to check their account balances, withdraw money, deposit money, transfer money between accounts, print statements of account transactions, and even purchase stamps.

Use of computers in the medical field

August 8, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

As we know that in this era the use of computer is very popular in every field of life but in the medical field computer is very helpful for doctors to treat disease.

Technology has made our life so easy that we don’t have to ask anybody for help. Today, you can access everything and anything online. In addition to that, technology is providing more options to people.

The computer is also helpful in the way that a patient remains in touch with his doctor. And by the internet, we can also obtain the opinions of senior doctors. With the help of technology, a doctor can see a patient from all parts of the world. It is not necessary that the doctor will be present in the place where the patient resides.

Here are some of the uses of computers in the medical field are given:

Ultrasound

The computer is also used for the ultrasound. Ultrasound is the process in which the waves are used to take pictures of the inside of the body of the patient and all this is done by the computer.

Doctors see the image of internal parts using the computer to examine. The process of detection of the disease is done by the waves which work on the principle of the computer. And this is helpful for the treatment of the patients.

Radiology

Radiology is the branch of the medical which works on the principle of using waves or rays to detect the problem within the body which is all done by the computer. Radiologists use machines such as for X-rays these all are the type the computers. The So computer is very important in the field of radiology.

MRI

MRI is also done by a machine that uses magnetic fields and radio waves and this is all due to the computer that detects the properties of the living tissues.

In laboratories

The computer is also very useful in laboratories such as when samples are taken and their results are analyzed. Computers are also very useful in determining the level of proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates.

Surgeries

As we know that today surgery is not difficult to do because a lot of surgeries are done by the computer in which doctors do not stitch the cut portion of the body rather all this is done by the computer.

image showing the use of computer in surgery

Computer-assisted therapies

In the medical field, therapies are given to patients to cure their diseases. But now a lot of therapies are those which use the technique of the computer. The computer is helpful for patient therapies. There are a lot of therapies for depression patients that are assisted by the computer.

Maintenance of record

The computer is the only device through which we can do anything, we can use it in any field. In the medical field, the computer is also useful in maintaining the record of the patient’s report or bill payments.

image showing the computer used for record keeping

The computer saves records of the patients which is useful for both of the patient and the doctor through which the doctor treats the patients.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the five uses of computers in the medical field?

·      Computers are used in hospitals to keep a record of patients and employees.
·      They are also used by surgeons for surgery.
·      Doctors also used the internet to communicate with patients online.
·      Computers are also used for X-Rays.
·      Computers are used for the ultrasound.

What are the advantages of computers in the medical field?

There are many advantages of computers in the medical field
They help doctors to communicate with their patients through the internet. They also help in the surgery and many other tests like X-rays, MIR, CT scans, etc.

Can computers be used to perform surgery in hospitals?

Yes, computers are used in surgeries to control the movement of the instruments in the patient’s body by seeing on the computer screen. They are also used during surgeries to see the heat beat of the patient.

Top 10 Ways Computers Are Used In Healthcare World

·      CT Scan
·      Keeping record
·      X-rays
·      Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
·      Communication
·      Surgeries
·      Radiology
·      Spectroscopy
·      Monitoring the patient
·      For medical research

Physical Layer of OSI Model – Function of Physical Layer

August 8, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The physical layer is the bottom layer of the OSI model. It transfers a stream of bits and defines how the data is transmitted over the network and what control signals are used.

Its main function is to control how a stream of bits is sent and received over the physical medium. It deals with the transmission of data on the physical medium. In other words, the physical layer provides a means of transferring data over the physical media.

Image showing the working of Physical Layer

Role of Physical Layer in the network

It is the first layer in the network.

It is the medium used to transfer the data.

The data which is transferred in this layer is the low-level data.

Functions of the Physical Layer

The physical layer performs the different functions

Characteristics of Media

The physical layer defines the characteristics and type of communication channel.

The media over which the information between two computer systems is sent is called transmission media or communication channel. Transmission media comes in two forms.

Guided Media

In guided media, communication devices are directly connected with each other by using some physical media like wires. Some examples of bounded media are wire pair, coaxial and fiber optics.

Unguided Media

In unguided media, communication devices communicate with each other through air or space using broadcast radio signals, microwave signals and infrared signals. Unguided media are used where it is impossible to install cables.

Data can be transferred all over the world. Some examples of unguided media for communication are as follow:

Microwave, Satellite communication, Broadcast Radio, etc.

Representation of Bits

The bits are encoded into electrical signals for transmission. The physical layer defines the type of coding.

Data rate

The physical layer defines the number of bits that will be sent on each second.

Synchronization

The clock of sender and receiver are also synchronized.

Line configuration

The physical layer defines the attachment of communication devices with the medium.

Transmission Modes.

The physical layer defines the direction of transmission between two devices: simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex.

The common protocols used at this level are IEEE 802, IEEE 802.2, FDDI…

Examples of protocols that use physical layers include:

Digital Subscriber Line.
Integrated Services Digital Network.
Infrared Data Association.
Universal Serial Bus (USB.)
Bluetooth.
Controller Area Network.
Ethernet.

OSI Model-7 Layers of OSI Model

August 7, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The full form of OSI is Open System Interconnection. The OSI model is the most commonly used model for communication between different devices.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) develop the OSI model in 1977. It divides the computer network into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application.

This model helps to explain how data travels from device to device over the Internet. Understanding the OSI model can help you troubleshoot problems such as slow speeds, dropped connections, and other network issues.

The layers are divided into two groups:

Upper Layer: The focus of the upper layer is how files are represented on the computer before transfer.

Lower Layer: communication across a network occurs in which way.

Advantages of OSI Model

Some advantages of the OSI model are as follows:

Network communication process is divided into smaller and simpler components by the OSI model.

It allows multiple-vendor development via the standardization of network components.

It encourages industry standardization to define what functions occur at each layer.

It allows various types of network hardware and software to communicate.

It prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers.

Layers of OSI Model

OSI model has 7 layers

Physical Layer

The physical layer is the 1st layer of the OSI model. It is the lowest level where data travels over a network. In the case of the internet, the physical layer is the wire connecting computers together.

The physical layer consists of two parts:

The transmission medium (wire).

The communication protocol.

Data Link Layer

The 2nd layer is called the data link layer. The DLL provides the physical connection between two devices. In computer networking, the Data Link Layer is responsible for sending frames across a network interface card (NIC).

The data link layer is responsible for the creation, exchange, and management of the data frames and for error detection.

Network Layer

The third layer is known as the network layer. The network layer is responsible for establishing the connections between two or more devices. It manages the delivery of data from source to destination.

Transport Layer

The 4th layer is known as the transport layer. It is responsible for the reliable delivery of the data packets. It divides a large number of messages into packets for proper transmission.

Session Layer

The 5th layer is the session layer. It is responsible for the reliable and secure exchange of data between two or more users. It synchronizes user tasks. In the data stream synchronization involves the use of checkpoints. If a failure occurs, only the data from the last checkpoint is transmitted.

Presentation Layer

The 6th layer is the presentation layer. It is responsible for the conversion of data into the appropriate format to be displayed by a user. The presentation layer is responsible for providing services such as data formatting, encryption, compression, and error checking.

Application Layer

The Application Layer is the highest and 7th layer of the OSI Model. This layer consists of protocols such as TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc. These protocols provide communication between two or more devices.

This layer provides services to other layers below it. For example, the HTTP protocol allows data transfer from one device to another.

What is an Email? – Advantages and Disadvantages of email

August 6, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The full form of E-mail is Electronic Mail. Through email, different files and messages are exchanged through the internet. The message of the email is in different forms like graphics, text, video clips, or sound. E-mail is a very convenient way to send messages anywhere in the world in a very short time.

We can send messages through e-mail if we are sitting in a single room or all over the world. The same message can be sent to different people or a single person. Many websites or internet service providers provide e-mail facilities. Yahoo, Hotmail, and Gmail are some most popular examples of email-providing websites.

Key Points

Email is short for Electronic Mail and is used to exchange messages and files online.
Emails can contain different message formats and can be sent anywhere in the world quickly and easily.
Email programs or email clients are used to send and receive emails, and messages are transmitted through email servers.
Emails can also contain attachments of various types and sizes.
Every email account has a unique address consisting of a username and a DNS address.
An email has many advantages, such as speed, low cost, global reach, and the ability to share various types of information and media.
However, the email also has disadvantages, such as lack of privacy, spam or junk emails, difficulty expressing emotions, possible delays, communication problems, and the risk of spreading viruses.

Working of Email

An email program is used to send emails. It is also used to create and receive an e-mail. It is also known as the email client. When the user sends an email message, the computer connects to an email server and transmits a copy of the message to that server.

A host computer on the Internet used to send and receive emails is known as an email server. The message is received by the email server, which then determines which email server should receive it. It establishes a connection with that server and sends another copy of the message.

Email Attachment

An email message can also contain an attachments option through which we can attach any file or image etc. Any type of file can be attached to emails such as documents, spreadsheets, audio, video, etc. E-mail attachment is supported by the internet protocol.

It stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension. Different websites provide different file sizes that can be attached to an email provides. Yahoo provides an attachment size of 10MB.

Email address.

Every email account has a unique address. The general format of an email address is as follows:

username@DNS Address

An email address has two parts

Username

DNS Address

These two parts are separated by the symbol @

Example

Sehrish@ hotmail.com

Sehrish is called user ID. It is used to sign into the email service. The “@” symbol is called a sign. It separates the user ID from the name of an email service provider.

hotmail.com

It indicates the DNS address

Advantages of email

Through email, we can send messages fastly and timely.
Sending messages through email is a cheap and inexpensive method.
People can share information.
People can send and receive messages anywhere in the world.
It is possible to send and receive email through mobile phones.
Email provides us the facility to send pictures, sounds, and videos.
Email message does not disturb the recipient. It is stored on a server and can be read at any time.

Disadvantages of Email.

This article examines ways to manage email communication, including filtering out spam, organizing emails into folders, and automating responses to messages. These methods are necessary due to the large volume of emails received and the prevalence of unsolicited emails.^[1]

Some limitations of email are as follows:

image showing the disadvantages of email

1. Lack of Privacy

Email doesn’t offer a lot of privacy. Through several networks, an email travels from one computer system to another. Email content can be seen by a hacker or the system administrator of a network.

2. Junk Email

Junk email is an unwanted email by an unknown sender. It is called spam. It is possible to send emails that the recipient will not want to read. A large number of junk emails may fill the space of the email account.

3. No Emotions

Emotions cannot be well enough expressed in an email. The recipient cannot see the sender’s voice and emotions.

4. Possible Delay

When a user accesses the Internet and checks their email, they read their email. An urgent message can be missed or postponed if someone doesn’t check his email account properly.

5. Communications Problems

Email cannot be sent due to some communication errors.

6. Spreading of Virus

As we know most viruses are spread through email messages. If someone sends a message containing a virus when the receiver opens the message virus automatically transfers to the receiver’s device.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is an email?

An email is a message that is sent and received electronically through a computer network. An email system allows users on a computer network to send text, graphics, sounds, and animated images to other users.

What are the 2 types of email?

Email client
Webmail

What are the 5 Advantages of email?

We can send messages quickly through email.
It is a cheap way to send messages.
Email is simple.
Email is free of cost.
We can send pictures, videos, etc.

Which email is used most?

Gmail is used most commonly.

What is the most important feature of an email?

An email has many features that make it a useful tool for communication. These features include the ability to attach files to messages, and the address book, which allows users to store contact information.

Internet? – History, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Addressing Schemes

August 6, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

What is Internet?

The Internet is a huge collection of computers all over the world that are connected to one another. These computers are connected through different communication channels like:

Phone lines
Fiber optic lines
Satellites and wireless connections

The Internet is used to find information stored on computers called hosts and servers. These computers used a common protocol called TCP/IP. Each computer connected to the internet can act as a host. A host computer provides information to the people.

To clarify the difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW), it’s important to note that the Internet is a global network that connects computers and other devices through various communication channels, such as cables, satellites, and wireless connections.

On the other hand, the WWW is a subset of the internet that allows users to access and share information through websites, web pages, and web applications.

The internet is the infrastructure that enables data to be transmitted around the world, while the WWW is a way of organizing and accessing that data.

Advancing technology brings new ethical challenges. The early Internet was created by American research units, universities, and telecommunication companies which is called ARPANET.

It expanded commercially with upgraded links and software and became a global network in the 1990s. Social networking sites enable users to connect and share information.^[1]

People can find information about magazines, books, encyclopedias other types of material on the internet. They can get an expert opinion on any topic. They can also communicate with the world community on different subjects. The Internet has turned this world into a global village.

Key Points

The internet has made the world a global village, enabling users to find information, get expert opinions, and communicate with others.
The internet’s development began in the 1960s during the Cold War, and DARPA connected computers at different universities and defense companies.
NSFNET replaced all previous networks in 1989, making the internet available to everyone.
Internet service providers are connected to larger ISPs that maintain fiber optic backbones.
Each computer on the internet has a unique address, either an IP address or a DNS addressing scheme.
The internet provides advantages like access to information, e-commerce, free articles, forums and message boards, news, and online classes.
The internet’s disadvantages include cybercrime, cyberbullying, online addiction, fake news, and inappropriate content.

History of Internet

The work on the Internet started in the 1960s during the cold war between Russia and America. America wanted to communicate with its Armed forces for sharing information. A computer network of four computers was developed at the start.

The project was handed over to DARPA and started connecting computers at different universities and defense companies.

Different universities and research organizations also started the development of their own network to share data and information with other people. A few years later, all of DARPA’s networks of universities and research institutes were merged to form the world’s largest network. This network is now known as the internet.

In 1989, all previous networks were replaced by NSFNET of the National Science Foundation. The internet facility was now available to familiar people.

Working of internet

The internet is a collection of millions of computers all over the world. These computers are linked with each other through a computer network. Networks are used by computers to communicate with each other. A personal computer can be connected to the internet service provider’s server.

A computer in a university or business is usually connected to a local area network using a Network Interface card (NIC). The business or university connects its LAN with ISP using a high-speed phone line like T1. A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second. A normal phone line with a modem can handle 300,000 to 50,000 bits per second.

Internet service providers are connected to larger ISPs. The largest ISPs maintain fiber optic backbones for an entire region. The backbone is connected through fiber optic lines, submarine cables, or satellite links. In this way, every computer on the internet is connected to every other computer.

Addressing schemes

Internet addresses are used to access different computers on the Internet. Each computer on the Internet has a unique address This address is used to establish a connection with that computer. There are two types of addressing schemes on the Internet.

Addressing schemes used on the Internet

Here are two types of addressing schemes on the internet

1. IP Addressing

An IP address is a unique number that refers to a computer connected to the Internet and stands for Internet Protocol. This address is a 32-bit number. It consists of four numbers separated by a period. Each number is between 0 and 255. These numbers are known as octets example of an IP address is 127 80.144.30

A server on the Internet has a static IP address. It does not change very often. When a computer connects to the Internet, it also gets an IP address from the ISP. This IP address is used only during the session and is not static.

2. DNS Addressing

An IP address is difficult to remember for users. All servers on the Internet also have human-readable names. It is known as a domain name. A domain name consists of text instead of a number. It is easier to remember a domain name than an IP address

For example, www. search. com is a permanent and human-readable name. It is easier to remember than an IP address. It actually has two parts

Host name

Domain

The domain represents the institution that uses the address. The domain names are called top-level domains. The top-level domains are as follows:

Domain	Type
com	Commercial organization
edu	Educational institutions
gov	Government department
mil	Military organization
net	Network provider
org	Non-profit organization

Advantages of internet

The Internet provides many advantages. Some advantages of the Internet are given below:

We can search all types of information on the internet related to study, business, medicine, agriculture, etc.
The Internet provides the facility for e-commerce.
We can also search for the result on the internet.
You don’t need to pay for expensive books or magazines anymore. Instead, you can read articles on the web for free.
If you’re having trouble with homework or studying for a test, you can turn to forums and message boards online. These websites allow you to communicate with others who may be going through the same thing as you. You can ask questions and get advice from people who understand exactly what you’re going through.

There are many websites out there that provide breaking news stories. Whether it’s politics or sports, you’ll always be able to keep up-to-date on what’s happening in the world.
If you’ve always wanted to learn how to draw or paint, you can take art classes online. There are many websites that teach you everything from painting techniques to computer skills. You can learn whatever subject you’d like to learn.
If you have ever wanted to learn how to play guitar, you can go to YouTube and search for tutorials.

Disadvantages of internet

Although the internet has become an integral part of modern life, it also has some significant disadvantages that should be considered.

There are many websites out there that are designed to make money off of people who don’t know any better. These sites may provide incorrect information about products, services, or scams.
If you read online reviews before buying anything, you should take them with a grain of salt. While some sites have legitimate reviews, others are just trying to make a buck. Read multiple reviews if you want to make sure you’re getting good value.
When something goes wrong with your product, it’s often time-consuming and frustrating to work with companies that aren’t willing to help. Avoid these situations by choosing only reputable businesses.
With the internet, your personal information is easily accessible. You might think your email address isn’t important, but if someone wants to spam you with advertisements, they’ll find a way.
Most websites use links to connect to different pages. But just because a link looks trustworthy doesn’t mean it actually is. Be wary of clicking on unknown links.
Reviewers may leave fake reviews to increase their own popularity. Make sure you check the credibility of a review site before trusting its opinion.
Malicious software is being developed all over the world. Hackers can create viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware, etc., that can damage your computer or steal your sensitive data. Use anti-malware programs to protect yourself from malware.

Related FAQs

What is the Internet?

The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

What are the features of the Internet?

The Internet was designed to be a resource that would allow users to easily find information on any topic, and have free and open access to that data.

What are the advantages of the internet?

You can find almost anything online
You can save money
You can connect with others
You can stay informed
You can shop anywhere
You can work anytime
You can take classes

What are the disadvantages of the internet?

Inaccurate information
Bad reviews
Poor customer service
Lack of privacy
Unreliable links
Fake reviews
Malware

Who invented the Internet?

Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf are the inventors of the internet.

How did the Internet start?

The internet is started in the 1960s by the defense department of the UK. The internet was born out of ARPANET, an academic research network that was funded by the military’s Advanced Research Project.

Introduction to Cell Signaling (Cellular Signaling)

August 5, 2022 by Sidra Batool Leave a Comment

Cell signaling is an important aspect of biology that allows cells to communicate with each other and their surroundings. Cell signaling is used by all types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, to coordinate their activities and maintain their functions.

Cellular signaling refers to the communication between cells within our body. This happens through chemical messengers called hormones or neurotransmitters. These chemicals travel from cell to cell via a network of channels called receptors.

Cellular signaling plays a key role in regulating metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and immunity. In other words, it helps control every aspect of life. Learn more about cellular signaling and its role in health and disease.

Extracellular Signals

Extracellular signals are crucial for a cell’s ability to function properly. These signals can come in many different forms, such as physical agents like mechanical pressure or temperature, or chemical signals like small molecules or peptides.

Extracellular signals can be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and each type of signal interacts with the cell in a unique way.

Signaling molecules are responsible for relaying messages between cells, and can travel either short or long distances.

Classification Of Cell Signaling

Signaling can be classified as:

Autocrine

Juxtacrine

Intracrine

Paracrine

Endocrine

Synthesis Of Signaling Molecules (Chemical Signal)

Signaling molecules are synthesized from various biosynthetic pathways, and can be released through passive or active transport methods. In some cases, signaling molecules can also be released from cell damage.

Role Of Receptors In Cell Signaling

Proteins known as receptors are important for cell signaling. They can be found on the cell surface or within the interior of the cell, and they detect chemical signals or physical stimuli. Receptors help to relay information that is essential for the cell to function properly.

Cell surface receptors are important for many cellular processes. They usually bind with extracellular signals (or ligands), which causes a change in the receptor that leads it to initiate an activity, such as opening or closing an ion channel. Some receptors do not have enzymatic or channel-like domains but are instead linked to enzymes or transporters.

Image showing binding of signaling molecule to receptor

Direct Signaling

In direct signaling, two cells bind to one another because they have complementary proteins on their surfaces.
When the proteins bind, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins and transmits a signal.

image showing target and nontarget cells of chemical signaling

This signaling is especially important in the immune system, where immune cells use cell-surface markers to recognize pathogen-infected cells and the body’s cells.

Importance Of Cell Signaling

Cells are like machines that respond to specific molecules in their environment, and they form the basis of many important functions in the body. If something goes wrong with the signaling interactions between cells, it can lead to problems like cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other disorders.

Solar Energy-Examples And Benefits

August 4, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

Solar energy is one of the fastest and cleanest methods of producing electricity. It is used to generate electricity using the principle of the photovoltaic cell.

Solar Energy

It is a form of non-conventional energy. The Earth receives a huge amount of energy directly from the sun each day. Solar energy at normal incidence outside the Earth’s atmosphere is about 1.4 km-2 which is referred to as the solar constant.

While passing through the atmosphere, the total energy is reduced due to reflection, scattering, and absorption by dust particles water vapors, and other gases. On a clear day at noon, the intensity of solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface is about 1 kW^-2.

It is the power produced by sunlight that is stored in various forms and used to produce electricity. In today’s world, we all are living on the energy produced by the sun, and we are using it to live our lives without giving any thought to the source of energy.

It is one of the most important sources of energy that we are using now. There is no doubt that the use of solar energy is not going to stop anytime soon because there is no other alternative source of energy that is cheaper and provides us energy when needed.

It is one of the best sources of energy that we are using to produce electricity for our home appliances, cars, and other electrical products. It has the potential to change the world and provide us with an alternative source of energy.

Solar Energy Examples

There are many examples of solar energy.

Solar water heater

This energy can be used directly to heat with the help of large solar reflectors and thermal absorbers. It can also be converted to electric current. In one method the flat plate collectors are used for heating water. It has a blackened surface that absorbs energy directly from solar radiation. Cold water passes over the surface and is heated up to about 70°C.

Much higher temperature can be achieved by concentrating solar radiation on the small surface area by using huge reflectors (mirrors) or lenses to produce steam for running a turbine.

Solar Cell

The other method is the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity through the use of semiconductor devices called solar cells also known as photocells.

Solar cells are thin waters made from silicon. Electrons in the silicon gain energy from sunlight to create a voltage. The voltage produced by a single voltaic cell is very low.

To get sufficient high voltage for practical use, a large number of such cells are connected in series forming a solar cell panel.

image showing the solar cell in solar panel

The first solar panel was invented in 1879 by the Swedish inventor Alfred Nordmeyer, and it was used to generate electricity. The use of solar energy is still limited to the production of electricity, but many applications are being developed for solar energy.

For cloudy days or nights, electric energy can be stored during the sunlight in Nickel-cadmium batteries by connecting them to solar panels. These batteries can then provide power to electrical appliances at night or on cloudy days.

Solar cells, are expensive but last a long time and have low running costs. Solar cells are used to power satellites having large solar panels which are kept facing the sun. Other examples of the use of solar cells are remote ground-based weather stations and rainforest communication systems. Solar calculators and watches are also in use nowadays.

How does solar energy work?

Solar energy is one of the cleanest and safest sources of energy that we are using for lighting, cooking, and heating. The most significant benefit of solar energy is that it is free and the only cost that we will pay is the maintenance and repair of the panels.

Solar energy is available everywhere, and it can be used to supply energy for any household appliance. However, solar energy is not suitable for all types of devices, as it needs a minimum of direct sunlight.

Solar energy is one of the most efficient methods of producing electricity, and it is one of the best and cleanest energy sources. The major advantage of solar energy is that it can be used to meet the needs of the growing population, as there is a limitless source of energy.

Benefits of Solar Energy

Solar energy is a free source of energy, and you don’t need any fossil fuels for using it. There are several advantages of using solar energy for electricity and heating.

1. No pollution:

The use of solar energy does not produce any kind of pollution. The only thing you will get is heat from the sun. You can’t imagine how clean this is!

2. Easy to use:

There are several types of solar panels available for producing electricity. These panels are compact, light, and can be moved anywhere. They are easy to install and you don’t need any expert for them. You just need to connect it to the grid.

3. Environment friendly:

Using solar energy will help in saving the environment. It will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases that are released into the atmosphere.

4. Affordable:

Using solar energy is cost-effective. You can buy solar panels for your house or office and start producing electricity. Solar panels can be installed in almost all places.

5. No fuel required:

You don’t need to buy fuel for your home. Using solar energy will help you to reduce your expenses and will also help you to save your money. You don’t have to spend any amount on buying electricity.

6. Time efficiency:

Solar energy is time efficient. You can use this energy even at night and it will start working and generate energy. You can also use it for heating your home.

7. Long life:

There is no limit to the life of a solar panel. You can use this panel for years together. A solar panel will be useful for a lifetime.

8. Save money:

Using solar energy will help you to save money. You will not have to buy fuel for your home; you will be saving the amount of money that you are spending on electricity.

What is Computer? – Uses of Computers in Different Fields

August 4, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data, process data into information, and store it for later use. It is used for later use.

Faster computer speeds allowed for real-time computing, leading to significant developments in business and science. Aircraft simulators, the SAGE defense systems, the SABRE airline reservation systems, and UPC automation were among the notable systems developed. ^[1]

A computer consists of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical component of a computer that we can touch and see.

Physical Parts Of Computer

Mouse: A pointing device used to interact with a computer by moving a cursor on the screen.
keyboard: An input device used for typing and entering data into a computer.
Monitor A display device used to show images and videos generated by a computer’s graphics card.
Scanner: A device used to capture images or text and convert them into digital data that can be processed by a computer.
Printer: An output device used to produce hard copies of digital documents or images.
CPU: The central processing unit is the main component of a computer that carries out instructions and processes data.
Hard disk: A device used to store and retrieve digital data, including the operating system, programs, and user files, on a computer.

Software is the set of instructions that computers follow to do work. Different types of software are application software (spreadsheet, word processing, presentation software, etc.), system software (operating system, drivers, etc.), and programming software (C/C++, HTML, Python, etc.).

Generations of Computer

The computer has five different generations. The generation of computers is categorized according to the time duration, size, and processing speed.

Generation	Timeline	Technology used
First	1940-1956	Vacuum tube
Second	1956-1963	Transistors
Third	1964-1971	Integrated Circuit
Fourth	1971-Present	Microprocessor
Fifth	Present and Beyond	Artificial Intelligence

What computer can do?

A computer is an electronic machine that solves our problems, Performs calculations and it gives an output of every input (data) whether it is in the form of audio, video, image, or graph.

The computer has changed the way of our daily life. Before computers, it was tough to calculate large amounts of data but the computer has made it easy that perform calculations within no time.

Computers play a role in every field of life. We use the computer for watching movies, drawing, painting, listening to songs, making documents, and many other purposes.

Types of Computer

There are different types of computers available today, which vary in size and performance. The first computer was developed by Charles Babbage, who is considered the father of computers. He invented the analytical engine, which all modern computers are based on.

Supercomputers

they are very big. They need an entire room to place. Supercomputers need air-conditioned rooms for proper working because they produce a lot of heat.

They are used for weather forecasting, climate research, space research, etc.

Mainframe Computer

Mainframe computers are designed to process large amounts of data quickly and efficiently.

They have large memories and are very powerful, making them perfect for businesses or organizations that need to store and access large amounts of information. They are used in business organizations, universities, banks, scientific laboratories, etc.

Mini Computers

They are small in size. They are more expensive than their predecessor and have high processing speeds. They are used in big organizations and universities.

Micro Computers

Microcomputers are small in size. They are usually used in schools, offices, homes, etc.

There are different types of microcomputers like desktop computers, laptops, tablets, etc.

Benefits of Computer

There are a lot of advantages of computers which are given below:

Speed

The computer performs calculations very quickly. Billions of calculations are performed by computer within seconds. The latest versions are even faster than they perform calculations in less than one second. The speed of the computer is measured in Gigahertz GHs.

Accuracy

The computer performs its calculations very accurately. The computer will never show any error if it’s shown then there must be a mistake in our input or data otherwise a computer is an error-free machine. Its results are 100% accurate.

Reliability

The computer is a very reliable machine. We can trust computers easily because computers perform their tasks honestly. Today business is also done by computers.

Memory

A computer has good memory that it never forgets the thing once stored in it. Humans can forget things easily but computers can never.

Such as if someone asks us about an incident that happened five days ago we can easily forget this and be unable to explain but the computer can give us data from 100 years ago.

Storage

A computer stores a large amount of data in its Hard Disk or RAM or any other storage device. The storage of the computer varies according to its version, some computers have a memory of 250 Gb or 512 Gb.

Communication

A computer is also useful for communication. Such as in banks that are connected to other branches of the banks with the help of the computer network

The connection may be wireless or wired. In an earlier era, people could not talk to each other for a long time, but in this era, they can talk with each other many times a day just because of the computer. They can communicate with each other through e-mail, WhatsApp, Instagram, and many more social media apps.

image showing the communication via computer

Cost Reduction

A computer is a machine that performs a task in less time and at less cost. If the work is assigned to human beings they require more time and we also pay more money to them.

The same work is done by the computer in less time and money. Here only one person is required to give input to the computer.

Versatility

The computer performs a lot of tasks at the same time. Computers are used in every field such as colleges, markets, and pharmacies.

Ease of access

A computer provides us with everything easily such as if we want to read a book that is not provided on the market. We can easily find this book on our computers. That also saves us time and money.

Disadvantages of Computers

Computers have become an essential part of our lives, but they also come with several drawbacks. Here are some of the significant disadvantages of computers:

Negative Impact on Physical Health

Continuous use of computers can lead to various physical health issues such as eye strain, headaches, neck pain, and back pain. The blue light emitted by computer screens can also disrupt our sleep patterns, leading to insomnia and other sleep-related problems. Sitting in front of a computer for extended periods can also lead to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Potential for Addiction

Computers can be addictive, and many people find themselves spending excessive amounts of time on them. This addiction can lead to social isolation, a lack of physical activity, and negative effects on mental health such as anxiety and depression.

Distractions

Computers can be a source of distraction, leading to decreased productivity and focus. The constant notifications, pop-ups, and alerts can interrupt tasks and lead to a loss of concentration. It can be challenging to stay focused and complete tasks when there are so many distractions on our computers.

Security Risks

As we store more and more sensitive information on our computers, we become more vulnerable to security risks. Hackers and cybercriminals can gain access to our personal information, such as credit card details, social security numbers, and other sensitive data. This can lead to identity theft and financial loss.

Environmental Impact

The production and disposal of computers have a significant impact on the environment. The production process requires the use of non-renewable resources and creates carbon emissions. The disposal of computers can also be harmful to the environment, as they contain hazardous materials that can contaminate soil and water.

Applications of Computer

In our lives, the computer is present everywhere. It is used in our daily life from the kitchen to our offices. Here are some places where the computer is used:

In markets

Computers are used in the market for different purposes like making receipts, printing receipts, keeping records of products, etc.

At Home

Computers are used at home for different purposes. E.g. listening to songs, watching movies, making a home budget, etc.

Offices

In the office, we use a computer to make CVs, and documents, keep a record of employees, keep records of customers, etc.

In Chemistry

In chemistry, computers are used for research work, online publication, testing, etc.

Education

Computers are widely used in the educational field. They are used for online education, visual AID education, preparation of lessons, delivering lectures, and a computer lab for practices, etc.

Medical

Computers also play an important role in the field of medicine. It is used for better care of patients. It is also used during surgery for different purposes, for keeping the record of employees and doctors, keeping a record of the medicine, for CT scans, x-Rays, and many more purposes.

Banks

Computers are used in banks for online banking, we can do all transactions from home. We can pay the electricity bill without going to the bank. It is used for keeping a record of employees, bank accounts, etc.

Laboratories

The computer is also used in laboratories for different testing.

Agriculture

The computer plays an important role in the field of agriculture.

Communication

Computers are being used for communication worldwide. It has made communication easy across the world. We can communicate all over the world through email, WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, and many other social media apps. The computer has converted the whole world into a global village.

Defense

Computers are used in the defense department to make new weapons and keep a record of weapons and soldiers. Computers play an important role in organizing and preparing different aspects of a soldier’s life, such as tracking salaries and wages, meal plans, and schedules for training and other events.

Business

The computer is also playing role in business for making documents, printing documents, and keeping records of projects.

School Library

In the library, computers provide e-books. Computers are used for research and preparing a presentation.

Frequently Asked Question

What is a computer?

A computer is a device that stores information and performs operations using software. The computer performs calculations according to the given instruction. It takes input from the user, processes the data, and gives results.

Who built the computer?

Charles Babbage (1791–1871) was an English mathematician who designed the first mechanical general-purpose computer.
He also founded the Analytical Engine Company in 1834, which later became the Computing Machine Company. So he is known as the founder of computers.

What are the four types of computers?

1 Supercomputer.
2 Mainframe.
3 Minicomputer
4 Microcomputer

What are the uses of computers?

Computers are used to process and store data. It is also used for many other purposes like sending emails, communicating, playing games, and also used for making documents, etc.

What are the features of computers?

·         Speed
·         Reliability
·         Communication
·         Ease of access
·         Versatility
·         Cost reduction
·         Memory
·         Storage
·         Accuracy

What is the use of computer on laboratories?

Computers are used in laboratories:
·       for a different type of testing.
·       Analyzing Patient Data
·       Taking blood samples and analyzing the results
·       Testing Drugs

List different computerized system used in office automation

Some computerized systems used in an office are as follows
·       Document Management System
·       Message Handling System
·       Office Support System

List different applications of computer

Computers have different applications in different fields:
Communication
In markets
In chemistry
In banks
In business
In defense

Fiber Optics Principle | Total Internal Reflection And Continuous Refraction

August 3, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

The fiber Optics principle to propagate the light depends on total internal reflection. It is the basic fiber optics principle. There are many types of optical fiber. There are power losses in optical fiber during optical fiber communication.

Fiber Optics Principle

Propagation of light through the optical fiber requires that the light should be confined within the fiber. This may be done by two methods

Total internal Reflection
Continuous Refraction

Total internal reflection

The speed of light depends upon the refractive index of the optically transparent material. The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light c in a vacuum to the speed of light v in that material.

n=C/V

image showing the Total internal reflection

Refraction:

When light enters from one medium to another it bends from its original path this is called the refraction of light. If the light enters from the denser to rear medium it bends away from the normal

The amount and direction of refraction or reflection are determined by the amount of difference in refractive indices as well as the angles at which the light rays strike the boundary between the two media.

Critical Angle:

The angle of incidence for which the refracted angle becomes 90⁰ is called the critical angle θ_c.

Snell’s law:

According to sneels law we have

N₁sin θ₁=N₂sin θ₂

θ₁ = θ_c and θ₂ =90⁰

N₁sin θ_c=N₂

Sin θ_c=n₂/n₁

For incident angles equal to or greater than the critical angle the glass-air boundary will act as a mirror and no light escapes from the glass. This phenomenon is known as Total Internal Reflection.

The critical angle for glass:

For glass air boundary we have

Sin θ_c=N₂/N₁=1.0/1.5

θ_c =sin^-1(1.0/1.5)

θ_c=41.8⁰

Let us suppose that the glass is formed into a long round rod.It is clear that all the light rays striking the internal

The surface of the glass at an angle greater than 41.8⁰ will be reflected back into the glass due to total internal reflection. All those rays with angles less than the critical

The angle will escape from the glass. Ray1 is injected into the Rod so that it strikes the glass-air boundary at about 30⁰. Since this angle is less than the critical angle it will escape from the rod. Ray 2 at 45⁰ will be reflected back into the rod and so the ray 3 at 60⁰.

As the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection these ways will continue to propagate down the rod along path determined by the original angles of incidence.

Axial ray:

Ray 4 is called the axial ray since its path is parallel to the axis of the rod. Axial rays will travel down this straight and rigid rod. However, in flexible glass fiber, they will be subjected to the laws of reflection.

Continuous refraction:

The propagation of light in fiber optics uses the phenomenon of continuous refraction. There are some types of fiber in which light propagate through continuous refraction.

Multi-mode step-index fiber

In this mode of propagation, light is continuously refracted within the fiber.

The central core has a high refractive index (high density) which is surrounded by a layer of lower refractive index(less density).

This layer of lower refractive index is called cladding.

Such type of fiber is called multi-mode step-index fiber.

Propagation of light in multi-mode step-index fiber

In multi-mode step-index fiber, a ray of light entering the optical fiber is continuously reflected and then transmitted.

image showing the Fiber Optics Principle

Multi-mode Graded index fiber:

A new type of optical fiber is used in which the central core has a high refractive index (high density) and its density gradually decreases toward its edges. This type of optical fiber is called multi-mode graded index fiber.

Propagation of light in Multi mode Graded index fiber

Continuous refraction is another method of propagation of light through the optical fiber.

A ray passing from a denser medium to a rare medium bends away from the normal.

A ray passing from a rare medium to a denser medium bends toward the normal.

In multi-mode graded index fiber light is transmitted by continuous refraction and then total internal reflection.

Types Of Optical Fiber-Single Mode, Multi-Mode, and Multi-Mode Graded Index Fiber

August 3, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

There are many types of optical fiber. Due to its small size, fiber optics has an extremely wide bandwidth. They are much thinner and light cables. An optical fiber with its protective cases may be typically a 6.0mm in diameter bundle of copper wires now used to carry the same amount of signals.

Optical fiber is used to signal transmission and conversion to sound. There is also power loss in optical fiber. In optical fiber communication signals are transmitted in form of light. Total internal reflection is the basic fiber optics principle for communication.

Read about different Examples of Optical Fiber

Types of Optical Fiber

There are three types of optical Fiber which are grouped by the way they propagate light.

Single Mode or Mono Mode Step Index Fiber
Multi-mode step index Fiber
Multi-mode graded index fiber

Mode: The method by which light is propagated within the fiber is called mode.

Single Mode or Mono Mode Step Index Fiber:

Single mode or mono mode step index fiber has a very thin core of about 5 µm diameter and has a relatively larger cladding (of glass or plastic).

Source of transmission:

Since it has a very thin core, a strong monochromatic light source such as a laser source has to be used to send light signals through it.

Uses of Single Mode or Mono Mode Step Index Fiber:

It can carry more than 14 TV channels or 14000 phone calls.

Multi-mode step-index fiber:

This type of fiber has a core of relatively large diameter such as 50 µm.

Source of transmission:

It is used for carrying white light but due to dispersion effects, it is not mostly used.

Example of Multimode step index fiber:

The core has a constant refractive index n₁such as 1.52. The refractive index then changes to a lower value n₂ such as 1.48, which remains constant throughout the cladding.

This is called a step-index multimode fiber because the refractive index steps down from 1.52 to 1.48 at the boundary with the cladding.

Uses of Multi-mode step-index fiber:

Multi-mode step-index fiber is useful for a short distance only.

Multi-Mode Graded Index Fiber:

Multi-mode graded-index fiber has a core that ranges in diameter from 50 to 1000 µm. It has a core of relatively high refractive index and the refractive index decreases gradually from the middle to the outer surface of the fiber.

There is no noticeable boundary between core and cladding. This type of fiber is called a multi-mode graded-index fiber.

Source of transmission:

In this type of fiber white light is used.

Uses of multi-mode index fiber:

It is useful for long-distance applications. The mode of transmission of light through this type of fiber is also the same, i.e continuous refraction from the surfaces of smoothly decreasing refractive index and the total internal reflection from the boundary of the outer surface.

Power Losses in Optical Fiber | Advantages of Graded Index Fiber

August 3, 2022 by Adeel Abbas Leave a Comment

The power losses in optical fiber are Absorption loss, scattering loss, and dispersion loss. There are many types of optical fiber. The total internal reflection is the basic Fiber Optics Principle. The optical fiber Communication system is widely used But there are some power losses in optical fiber.

Power losses in optical fiber

There are three major causes of power losses in fiber optics.

Absorption
Scattering
Dispersion

image showing the Power Losses in Optical Fiber

Power losses through absorption

When a light signal travels along fibers by multiple reflections, some light is absorbed due to impurities in the glass.

Power losses through scattering

Some of it is scattered by groups of atoms which are formed at places such as joints when fibers are joined together. Careful manufacturing can reduce power loss by scattering and absorption.

Power losses through dispersion

The information received at the other end of a fiber can be inaccurate due to the dispersion or spreading of the light signal. Also, the light signal may not be perfectly monochromatic. In such a case, a narrow band of wavelengths is refracted in different directions when the light signal enters the glass fiber and the light spreads.

Example of Power loss through dispersion:

Let’s consider the paths of light of three different wavelengths λ1, λ2, and λ3. λ1 meets the core-cladding at the critical angle and λ2, and λ3 at slightly greater angles.

All the rays travel along the fiber by multiple reflections. But the light paths have different lengths. So the light of different wavelengths reaches the other end of the fiber at different times.

With a step index fiber, the overall time difference may be about 33ns per km length of the fiber. The signal received is, therefore, faulty or distorted.

Advantages of graded index fiber

Although the different wavelengths take different paths and are internally reflected at different layers, still they are focused at the same points the X and Y, etc. It is possible because the speed is inversely proportional to the refractive index.

n=c/v

So the wavelength λ₁ travels a longer path than λ₂ or λ₃ but at a greater speed.

Despite the dispersion, all the wavelengths arrive at the other end of the fiber at the same

time. Using a graded index fiber, the time difference is reduced to about Ins per km.