Search Results for: flowchart

Introduction to Flowchart | Difference between Flowchart and Algorithm

July 21, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

A Graphical representation of an algorithm is called a flowchart.

It is a way of visually presenting the flow of data, operations performed on data, and the sequence of these operations.

A flowchart is one of the problem-solving techniques ^source. A flowchart is a combination of two words flow and chart. A chart contains different symbols to display information about any program. Flow indicates the direction processing that takes place in the flowchart.

The flowchart is similar to the setup plan of a building. A designer draws the setup plan of the building before constructing it. Similarly, before writing a computer program a programmer prefers to draw a flowchart. The flowchart is designed according to the defined rules of the flowchart.

Uses of Logic Flowchart

There are different reasons to use a flowchart

The flowchart is used to represent an algorithm in a simple graphical manner.
The flowchart is used to show the steps of an algorithm easily.
A flowchart is used to understand the flow of the program.
The flowchart is used to improve the logic for solving a problem.
Programs can be reviewed and debugged easily.

Flowchart Symbols

A flowchart uses different symbols to show different types of statements.

Input/ Output symbol in a flowchart

A parallelogram symbol is used to display input and output. The data we give to the computer is called input which is given by the parallelogram symbol in the flowchart. The output statement is used to display a message to the user or to display the result.

Image showing the input / Output symbol — ***input/output symbol***

Process symbol in a flowchart

A rectangle symbol is used to represent a process type. A process symbol is most broadly used in the flowchart because it performs the action.

Image showing the Processing symbol — ***Process symbol***

Selection symbol in a flowchart

A diamond symbol is used to represent a decision step. A condition is given in the diamond. The flow of control from the diamond may go in two directions i.e. one direction if the condition is true and the second direction if the statement is false.

Image showing the Selection symbol — ***Selection symbol***

Start/ End symbol in a flowchart

The Start and End of the flowchart are represented by the oval symbol. It usually contains the word “Start” or “end”.

Image showing the Start/ End symbol — ***Start/ End symbol***

Flow Lines symbol in a flowchart

Arrow symbols are used to represent the direction of flow in the flowchart. There are four types of flow lines.

Image showing the Flow lines — ***Flow Lines symbol***

Connector symbol in a flowchart

Circle symbols are used to combine different flow lines. It is used when two or more flow symbols come from different directions and move in one direction.

image showing the connector symbol — ***connector symbol***

Functional call symbol in a flowchart

A rectangle symbol with double lines on the left and right sides is used to call a function. The name of the function with parameters is written inside the symbol.

Image showing the Functional call symbol — ***Functional call symbol***

Preparation symbol in a flowchart

This symbol is used for loops to specify the Start and Stop conditions.

Image showing the Preparation symbol — ***Preparation symbol***

Limitation of Flowchart

For complex problems, it is difficult to draw a flowchart.
The flowchart has to be redesigned if we need any changes.

Example

This flowchart represents the steps for finding the product of two numbers.

Image showing the flowchart of product of two number

Example

This flowchart represents the steps of an algorithm that inputs the marks of a student. If marks are 40 or more, it displays “Pass”. Otherwise, it displays “Fail”.

Image showing the flowchart of student's marks.

Difference between Flowchart and Algorithm

Flowchart	Algorithm
1. Standard symbols are used to design a flowchart.	1. Simple English is used to write algorithms.
2. Flowchart consumes more time	2. Algorithm consumes less time.
3. Modification of flowchart is difficult.	3. Modification of algorithm is easy.
4. Graphical representation of the solution is called flowchart	4. It is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.

Charts in Math: Types, Uses, Interpretation, and Activities

December 11, 2023 by Azhar Ejaz Leave a Comment

In mathematics, a chart is a visual representation of data that organizes and presents information for comparison, analysis, and understanding. Unlike graphs, which primarily focus on visualizing trends and relationships between variables, charts emphasize organization and comparison of data points.

How Charts Differ from Graphs?

Feature	Chart	Graph
Primary Focus	Organize and present data for comparison or analysis.	Visualize trends and relationships between variables.
Data Representation	Bars, pie slices, histograms, flowcharts, Venn diagrams.	Lines, curves, points.
Common Uses	Comparing categories, showing proportions, illustrating processes, analyzing data distribution.	Visualizing trends over time, identifying correlations, analyzing relationships.

Activity to Understand What is Chart

For kids:

Grab your favorite candy collection and let’s create your own charts.

Sort your candy by color, flavor, or type.
Draw a chart: bars for comparing amounts, pie for showing parts.
Count and label: what patterns do you see?
Share your chart with friends, explain what you learned!

For older students

Choose data you love: movies, sports, weather, anything!
Organize and count: categories, values, let’s get specific!
Chart it up: bars, lines, pie slices, pick the best fit.
Analyze and explain: trends, patterns, what did you find?
Share your chart with the class, be a data detective.

Types of Charts Used in Math

Here are different types of charts that are used in math:

1: Bar Charts

Imagine a race where the bars are the runners, and their height shows who’s ahead. These charts are perfect for comparing different things, like ice cream flavors or your test scores.

Bar charts use rectangular bars to show different amounts or compare between things. The bars can be vertical or horizontal. The height or length of each bar shows the value or size of each thing.

Bar charts are good for comparing a few numbers or categories. They are used in math classes to make problems about data more fun and visual. Newspapers and magazines also use bar charts to show information like how many apples were sold each month or the average test score for different schools.

2: Line Charts

A line chart is a graphical representation that uses points connected by straight lines to depict trends and relationships between data points. It is one of the most common and versatile types of graphs.

These charts are great for tracking things like plant growth or the temperature throughout the day.

Line charts are primarily used to show trends and changes over time or another continuous variable. They are ideal for visualizing how a particular value evolves or how two variables are related.

( a line chart falls under the broader category of charts due to its focus on organizing data (connecting data points) and presenting it in a way that helps visualize trends and relationships )

3: Pie Charts

Think of a delicious pizza divided into slices. Each slice represents a part of a whole, like the percentage of students who love different subjects.

Pie Charts divide a whole circle into pieces to show the fraction or percent for different parts. Bigger slices of the pie show larger amounts.

Pie charts clearly display parts of a whole, like what percent of students have brown, blond, black, or red hair. They also visually break down the details within broader categories, such as the flavor choices people voted for.

4: Flowcharts

Flowcharts display a series of steps with boxes, arrows and lines. They explain the order and decisions in a process from start to finish. The arrows connect each box, showing what comes next and allowing yes/no options or possibilities.

Flowcharts clarify complicated procedures like computer programs, science experiments, assembly instructions, organizational structure and more. Simple shapes and arrows make the sequence of events easy to follow.

5. Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams use overlapping circles to organize things into groups, showing similarities and differences. The area where circles overlap holds things the groups have in common. But each circle also has its own area for unique elements.

Venn diagrams compare and contrast categories or sets of numbers and objects. They help sort things that are alike or different. Common uses involve math concepts like primes, odds and evens or classifications like mammals vs. reptiles. The circles clearly show what qualities belong together or stand apart.

6. Histograms

Histograms are charts made of bars that show the distribution of numerical data. The bars group numbers into ranges, with the bar height showing how many items fit in that range. Wider bars mean more data points within a value range.

Histograms provide an overview of a data set to see where numbers cluster. They reveal if data is skewed high or low overall. Common uses include test score distribution, income ranges, or ages of people in a group. The bars summarize the spread of measurements.

7. Gantt Charts

Gantt charts use horizontal bars against a calendar style grid to map out a project schedule. Each bar represents a task in the project, showing when it begins and ends. Bars can overlap to show multiple things happening at once.

Gantt charts keep projects organized to see what should happen when and how long each step takes. They help schedule lots of moving parts, clarifying order and connections between activities. Project managers and software developers commonly use Gantt charts for coordination and planning.

How to Interpret Charts?

Interpreting different types of charts requires understanding their purpose and key features.

All you need to notice is Are things going up, down, or staying the same? Are some categories bigger than others?

Here’s how to interpret common chart types.

1: Interpreting Bar Chart

Purpose: Compare values across different categories.
Interpretation: Look at the relative length of bars for each category. Longer bars indicate higher values. Analyze the difference in length to understand the magnitude of comparison.
Example: Compare the number of students who like different sports in a class.

2: Interpreting Line Chart

Purpose: Show trends and relationships over time or other continuous variables.
Interpretation: Observe the direction and slope of the line to identify trends (increasing, decreasing, stable). Analyze the steepness of the slope to understand the rate of change.
Example: Track the average temperature changes throughout the day.

3: Interpreting Pie Chart

Purpose: Show the proportion of each category within a whole.
Interpretation: Focus on the size of each slice relative to the entire pie. Larger slices represent larger proportions. Calculate percentages for each category if needed.
Example: Show the distribution of students with different hair colors in a class.

4: Interpreting Flowchart

Purpose: Illustrate the steps and decision-making process in a sequence.
Interpretation: Follow the arrows to understand the flow of the process. Identify decision points and their corresponding outcomes. Analyze the overall sequence to grasp the logic behind the process.
Example: Visualize the steps involved in solving a math equation.

5: Interpreting Venn Diagram

Purpose: Organize objects into groups based on shared characteristics and highlight similarities and differences.
Interpretation: Observe the shared space within the overlapping circles to identify characteristics common to both groups. Analyze the unique areas of each circle to understand characteristics specific to each group.
Example: Classify different shapes based on their properties, such as number of sides and angles.

6: Interpreting Histogram

Purpose: Show the distribution of numerical data within intervals.
Interpretation: Analyze the height and width of each bar to understand how data points are distributed. Identify clusters and potential skewness based on the shape of the histogram.
Example: Analyze the distribution of test scores in a class.

7: Interpreting Gantt Chart

Purpose: Visualize project schedules, task durations, and dependencies.
Interpretation: Identify the starting and ending dates for each task based on the position and length of the bars. Analyze the relationships between tasks by observing overlaps and dependencies.
Example: Understand the project schedule for building a model airplane.

Vertebrates – Definition, Evolution, Characteristics, Classification, Systems, and Examples

May 31, 2023 by Sidra Batool Leave a Comment

Vertebrates are the animals that have a backbone or spinal cord.

What is Vertebrate?

Vertebrates are a group of animals that have a backbone or a vertebral column. They belong to the subphylum Vertebrata, which is a major division of the phylum Chordata.

Vertebrates are characterized by the presence of a well-developed internal skeleton made up of individual vertebrae, which provide structural support and protect the delicate spinal cord.

Read How vertebrate are Different From invertebrates

This group includes a wide range of animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Vertebrates exhibit diverse body forms, habitats, and lifestyles, and they play crucial roles in various ecosystems.

Read about Vertebrate Ear

Evolution of Vertebrates

The evolution of vertebrates is a remarkable journey that spans millions of years. The earliest vertebrates, which emerged about 500 to 600 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, were jawless fish.

While they lacked a vertebral column, they possessed a cranium to protect the brain. After the emergence of jawless fish, fish with jaws and a complete vertebral column evolved. These fish, similar to modern sharks, appeared around 450 million years ago.

Read about Skin of Fishes

Around 400 million years ago, the first bony fish with a skeleton made of bone, rather than cartilage, appeared. This allowed for larger body sizes and led to the evolution of modern ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.

Evolution of Fish

After the emergence of jawless fish, fish with jaws and a complete vertebral column evolved. Not too long after the appearance of jawless fish, fish similar to lampreys evolved a partial vertebral column. About 450 million years ago, fish with a complete vertebral column and jaws evolved, possibly resembling modern sharks.

Up to this point, all early vertebrates had an endoskeleton made of cartilage rather than bone. About 400 million years ago, the first bony fish appeared. A bony skeleton could support a larger body. Early bony fish evolved into modern ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.

Evolution of Other Vertebrate Classes

Amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds evolved after fish.

The first amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor about 365 million years ago. They were the first vertebrates to live on land, but they had to return to water to reproduce. This meant they had to live near bodies of water.

The first reptiles evolved from an amphibian ancestor at least 300 million years ago. They laid amniotic eggs and had internal fertilization. They were the first vertebrates that no longer had to return to water to reproduce. They could live just about anywhere.

Mammals and birds both evolved from reptile-like ancestors. The first mammals appeared about 200 million years ago and the earliest birds about 150 million years ago.

From Fish to Amphibians

The first jawed vertebrates may have appeared in the late Ordovician (~445 mya) and became common in the Devonian period, often known as the “Age of Fishes”. The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common.

The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armored fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian as well as the eurypterids, dominant animals of the preceding Silurian, and the anomalocarids.

Evolution of Endothermy

Endothermy is the ability to regulate body temperature internally. Firstly it was evolved in mammals and birds. This adaptation allows them to have constant body temperature, higher metabolic rates, and adaptability to different environments.

It is important to note that endothermy evolved independently in birds and mammals, originating from separate reptilian ancestors. This evolutionary development occurred on separate paths, demonstrating the convergent evolution of endothermy in vertebrates. However, it is worth mentioning that endothermy requires more energy and higher food intake compared to ectotherms.

Characteristics of Vertebrates

Vertebrates are a diverse group of animals that share several characteristic features at some point in their life cycle. These features include a stiff rod-like structure called the vertebral column or notochord, a central nervous system with a spinal cord running above the vertebral column, an anteriorly placed mouth, an alimentary canal that ends in an anus, and a tail extending beyond the anus. They show following features:

Vertebral Column or Notochord

The Vertebral Column provides support and protection in vertebrates. In most species, the notochord develops into the vertebral column.

Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System in vertebrates includes the spinal cord, which runs above the vertebral column. It facilitates communication between the brain and the body.

Anterior Placement of the Mouth

Vertebrates typically have a mouth located at the front of the body or just below the head, allowing for efficient ingestion of food.

Alimentary Canal and Anus

The Alimentary Canal is the digestive tract of vertebrates, extending from the mouth to the anus. The anus serves as the exit point for waste elimination.

Tail Extension

In some vertebrates, a tail extends beyond the anus, providing additional mobility and balance.

Head and Sense Organs

The head region of vertebrates contains specialized sense organs. These include the nasal organs for smell, the optic organs for vision, and the otic organs for hearing and balance.

Pharyngeal Slits and Gills

Vertebrates possess pharyngeal slits, openings in the throat region called the pharynx. In aquatic species, these slits are associated with gills for respiration.

Well-Developed Notochord and Spinal Cord

Vertebrates have a well-developed notochord enclosed in connective tissue, with the spinal cord positioned above it. This arrangement provides support and facilitates communication.

Body Cavity (Coelom) and Viscera

The Coelom is a body cavity found in the trunk region of vertebrates, housing various internal organs known as viscera.

Digestive System and Circulatory System

Vertebrates possess a well-developed digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, and gut. They also have a distinct heart and a closed circulatory system of blood vessels.

Kidneys and Excretory System

Vertebrates have bilateral kidneys, responsible for maintaining fluid balance and excreting waste products. Excretory ducts open through the body wall.

Reproductive Organs

Vertebrates possess reproductive organs, which develop from adjacent tissues to the kidneys. Males often have tubular connections between the reproductive and excretory systems.

Classification of Vertebrates

Vertebrates, or animals with a backbone, are classified into following classes. Each class represents different groups with different features and adaptations.

The main classes of vertebrates are as follows:

1. Agnatha (Jawless Fish)

Agnatha includes primitive fish species that lack jaws, such as lampreys and hagfish. These jawless fish have a cartilaginous skeleton and typically live in freshwater and marine environments. They use a circular mouth lined with teeth to latch onto other fish and feed on their body fluids.

2. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)

Chondrichthyes comprises fish with a cartilaginous skeleton, including sharks, rays, and skates. These fish have well-developed jaws and paired fins, and their skeletons are composed of cartilage rather than bone. They are predominantly marine species and have evolved various adaptations for hunting and survival, such as keen senses and streamlined bodies.

3. Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)

Osteichthyes, or bony fish, are the largest class of vertebrates, with over 30,000 species. They have a bony skeleton, gills for respiration, and paired fins. Bony fish are found in both freshwater and marine environments and display a wide range of adaptations for swimming, feeding, and survival. They are further classified into two subclasses: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish).

4. Amphibia (Amphibians)

Amphibia are a class of vertebrates that typically undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larval stage to a terrestrial adult stage. They have moist skin that aids in gas exchange, lay eggs in water or moist environments, and often have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts, and they inhabit a wide range of habitats, from rainforests to deserts.

5. Reptilia (Reptiles)

Reptilia comprises cold-blooded animals with scaly skin, lungs for respiration, and amniotic eggs with shells. Reptiles exhibit a variety of adaptations for different environments and lifestyles. They are predominantly terrestrial and include snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and alligators. Reptiles are ectothermic, relying on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature.

6. Aves (Birds)

Aves, or birds, are warm-blooded animals with feathers, beaks, and lay hard-shelled eggs. Birds have evolved adaptations for flight, such as wings and lightweight skeletons with hollow bones. They possess a four-chambered heart, high metabolic rates, and display diverse characteristics and behaviors. Birds are found in various habitats worldwide and exhibit remarkable diversity in size, shape, and plumage patterns.

7. Mammalia (Mammals)

Mammalia comprises warm-blooded animals that have mammary glands, hair or fur, and give birth to live young. Mammals possess specialized teeth adapted to different diets and exhibit a range of reproductive strategies. They have a four-chambered heart, well-developed lungs, and display diverse adaptations for different lifestyles, including flying (bats), swimming (whales), and terrestrial habitats (humans, dogs, cats, etc.).

Systems in Vertebrate

These systems work together to ensure the proper functioning and survival of vertebrates. The nervous system enables communication and coordination, the circulatory system ensures the transport of essential substances, the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, the digestive system provides nutrients, and the excretory system eliminates waste. Each system plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall homeostasis of the organism.

Nervous System In Vertebrate

The nervous system in vertebrates is responsible for coordinating and controlling the activities of the body. It consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which comprises nerves that transmit signals to and from the CNS.

The nervous system allows vertebrates to sense their environment, process information, and respond to stimuli.

Circulatory System In Vertebrate

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances throughout the body. It includes the heart, which pumps blood, and a network of blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, where blood flows within vessels.

The circulatory system ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products from tissues.

Respiratory System In Vertebrate

The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the organism and its environment. In vertebrates, the respiratory system typically includes organs such as lungs or gills, along with associated structures like the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.

Vertebrates use specialized respiratory organs to inhale oxygen from the air or water and release carbon dioxide.

Digestive System In Vertebrate

The digestive system is involved in the breakdown and absorption of food and nutrients. It includes structures such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. In vertebrates, accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also aid in digestion.

Through digestion, vertebrates break down complex food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

Excretory System In Vertebrate

The excretory system is responsible for eliminating metabolic waste products from the body. It includes organs such as the kidneys, bladder, and ureters. The kidneys filter the blood, removing waste products and excess water to produce urine. The urine is then transported to the bladder for storage until it is eliminated from the body.

The excretory system helps maintain the body’s fluid balance and removes harmful substances from the bloodstream.

Reproduction in Vertebrates

Reproduction in vertebrates involves sexual reproduction, where males produce sperm and females produce eggs. Fertilization can occur internally or externally. Internal fertilization is common in mammals, reptiles, and some fish, while external fertilization is seen in many fish and amphibians.

Oviparous or Viviparous

Depending on the species, vertebrates may lay eggs or give live birth. Egg-laying species include reptiles and birds, while live-bearing species include most mammals and some reptiles. Parental care is exhibited by many vertebrates, ranging from nest-building to feeding and grooming offspring.

Reproductive strategies in vertebrates

Reproductive strategies vary among vertebrates. Some species engage in courtship rituals and compete for mates, while others form monogamous pairs or engage in polygamous mating systems. Territoriality, displays, and combat may be involved in securing mating opportunities.

Examples of Vertebrates

Here is the vertebrate animals list along with their respective classes:

1. Lamprey – Agnatha (Jawless Fish)

2. Hagfish – Agnatha (Jawless Fish)

3. Shark – Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)

4. Ray – Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)

5. Salmon – Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)

6. Tuna – Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)

7. Clownfish – Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)

8. Goldfish – Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)

9. Frog – Amphibia (Amphibians)

10. Toad – Amphibia (Amphibians)

11. Salamander – Amphibia (Amphibians)

12. Newt – Amphibia (Amphibians)

13. Snake – Reptilia (Reptiles)

14. Lizard – Reptilia (Reptiles)

15. Turtle – Reptilia (Reptiles)

16. Crocodile – Reptilia (Reptiles)

17. Eagle – Aves (Birds)

18. Sparrow – Aves (Birds)

19. Penguin – Aves (Birds)

20. Ostrich – Aves (Birds)

21. Human – Mammalia (Mammals)

22. Dog – Mammalia (Mammals)

23. Cat – Mammalia (Mammals)

24. Elephant – Mammalia (Mammals)

25. Whale – Mammalia (Mammals)

26. Bat – Mammalia (Mammals)

Phylum Classification Of Vertebrates Flow Chart

Certainly! Here is a flowchart depicting the phylum classification of vertebrates:

Classification Flowchart For Vertebrates

Here is classification flowchart of vertebrates that shows different classes of vertebrates:

Flow Chart of Levels Of Biological Organization

May 14, 2023 by Sidra Batool Leave a Comment

Living organisms are organized in a hierarchical manner. It ranges from the smallest components to the largest systems. These levels of organization help us understand how life is structured and how different components interact with each other.

Flow Chart of Levels Of Biological Organization

Here’s a flowchart showing the levels of biological organization:

├── Subatomic Level

│ └── Atoms

│ └── Molecules

│ └── Macromolecules

│ └── Organelles

│ └── Cells

│ └── Tissues

│ └── Organs

│ └── Organ Systems

│ └── Organisms

│ └── Populations

│ └── Communities

│ └── Ecosystems

│ └── Biomes

│ └── Biosphere

Each level builds up on the previous one, representing the hierarchical structure of biological organization.

Introduction To Computer Science-History, Scope, Branches and uses

Introduction Of Computer Science

Computer science involves the study of computation, automation, and information and spans theoretical disciplines to practical disciplines such as the design and implementation of hardware and software.

image of computer science definition 768x473 1

Computer science is an interdisciplinary branch of study. It combines ideas from mathematics, physics, biology, electrical engineering, and philosophy. It has been said that a computer scientist is someone who is capable of building a computer.

The traditional study of computer architecture, programming languages, and software development are some of the major subfields of computer science. Computational science, the use of algorithmic techniques for modeling scientific data, graphics and visualization, human-computer interaction, databases and information systems, networks, and the social and professional issues that are unique to the practice of computer science are included.

Some of these subfields are related to other modern fields such as bioinformatics and computational chemistry. A tendency among computer scientists to recognize and act upon their field’s many interdisciplinary connections is what leads to these overlaps.

History Of Computer Science

Although first proposed in 1956, the term “Computer Science” appears in a 1959 article in Communications of the ACM, in which Louis Fein argues for the creation of a Graduate School in Computer Sciences.

A large amount of computer science does not involve the study of computers at all. The term computing science has been used by some departments of major universities to emphasize that difference.

The term datalogy was suggested by a scientist to reflect the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment, while not necessarily involving computers.

The Department of Datalogy at the University of Copenhagen was the first scientific institution to use the term, with Peter Naur being the first professor in Datalogy. Most of the time, the term is used in Nordic countries. Data science is an alternative term proposed by Naur and is now used for a multi-disciplinary field of data analysis, including statistics and databases.

Father of Computer

Charles Babbage was a renowned mathematician in the 1800s who is considered by many to be the father of computing. This is largely due to his concept of the Analytical Engine in 1837, which was a machine that could be programmed to carry out complex calculations. It contained an ALU (arithmetic logic unit), basic flow control, and integrated memory – all hailed as major breakthroughs for computing at the time.

Unfortunately, Babbage was never able to fully fund the construction of his machine and it was only ever completed after his death by others who took interest in his work.

The word computing came into existence around 1910-1911. At that time a few people were working with mechanical computers. They were using devices like Jacquard Loom, etc. They were using them for calculating purposes. But they could not predict what would happen in future.

So they started calling these devices “computers”. These days we use many words instead of the word “computer”. We call it “smartphone”, “laptop”, “tablet”, etc. And we use those things everywhere. We even eat food by using our smartphone.

Scope Of Computer Science

As per the current trends, the career in computer science has gained a tremendous pace for years and today, the field is highly demanded.

There are a number of courses available in the market and if you want to start the course for getting a good job, then it is suggested to choose the right course for yourself.

There are different types, of courses, available for computer science education and one of the most important things that you have to keep in mind while choosing the best course is whether the course is right for you or not.

We all know that the role of a computer scientist is one of the most challenging jobs and it requires different skills and abilities. If you are looking for a well-paid job, then choosing the best course is of great importance for you.

In today’s era, you can make your career as a computer scientist with the help of the right training. To choose the right course for yourself, you must consider several things that are given below.

Knowledge of programming languages

The first thing that you need to consider is the language that you are going to learn. Most of companies require candidates who are fluent in programming languages, so it is advised to learn at least two programming languages. If you are a beginner, then it is suggested to start with Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. It will help you to improve your skills and get trained in the latest technologies.

Knowledge of Computer architecture

If you want to make your career in this field, then you must keep in mind how much you have knowledge of Computer Architecture. If you are a novice, then you need to learn everything from scratch. If you already have knowledge of the computer architecture, then it will make your career easier and you will be able to get higher grades.

Advanced problem solving skills

If you want to become a successful computer scientist, then it is essential to possess advanced problem solving skills. This is one of the most important aspects that can differentiate you from other candidates. If you can solve an average problem, then you will not be considered a candidate.

Programming projects

You can make your career as a computer scientist if you can make your own projects. You will be required to write codes for different purposes and projects. In order to make your project successful, it is recommended to make it innovative.

Branches of computer science

Computer Science is the study of the design of computers and computer systems. The study of computers and computing is referred to as computer science. The analysis of data structures, computer and network design, modeling data and information processes, and artificial intelligence are included.

A lot of mathematics, statistics, and probability are used in computer science. There is a lot of experimentation used to test hypotheses.

Artificial intelligence, computer systems and networks, information security, database systems, and human-computer interaction are some of the main areas of study of artificial intelligence. There are many different branches that artificial intelligence covers, from theoretical computer science to the applications of computer technology in the real world.

Software engineering

Software engineering is the branch of computer science that deals with the design, development, testing and maintenance of software applications.

Software developers write code to create applications. Software developers use programming languages and design software solutions for users.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that deals with techniques that mimic or even recreate the capabilities of the human mind. A new type of intelligent machine that can respond in the same way as humans is created by Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence can find human wisdom. Humans will eventually be surpassed by artificial intelligence.

Programming languages

Programming languages are used by most other disciplines in order to function in computer science. The programmers translate the programming language into the computer’s language of choice. The study of programming languages and logic is focused on designing the languages and analyzing them. This study shows how to use the smallest amount of code in the languages to write complex programs.

Computer security

There is a discipline of computer science that deals with protecting information on computers. One of the things that can be included in this is the creation of software that is invulnerable to theft, destruction, fraud, or access by an unauthorized user. The part of computer security that protects the data is called computer security. It is a practice to translate information from its natural state into a hard- to-decipher pattern using a set of rule-based computations as well as using a set of algorithms to decode data.

Database Management Systems

Database Management Systems are the most used and popular area of computer science. People use this application to store data and information.

Topic Wise Computer Articles

Difference Between in Computer

Difference Between The Internet And World Wide Web (WWW)

Difference Between Input Devices And Output Devices

Difference Between Supercomputer And Mainframe Computer

Difference Between LCD and CRT
Difference Between RAM And ROM

Difference between Impact printer and Non-impact printer

Difference between low-level language and high-level language

Difference Between Spreadsheet And Word Processor

Difference Between DOS And Windows

Difference Between Source Code and Object Code
Difference Between Application and System Software

Difference Between LAN and WAN

Basics of information technology

What is Computer Hardware?

Mini Computers-Types of Mini Computers

Desktop Computer–Types of Desktop Computer

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

What is OCR in Computer?

Supercomputers-Features, Advantages and Disadvantages of supercomputer

What is Disk Partition?

What are Barcodes?

Optical Readers-OCR, OMR, MICR, And Barcode Reader

What is an Output Device?

What are Input Devices?

What is Computer Motherboard?-Types and History of Motherboard

What is Scanner in Computer?- Types of the scanner

What is SSD (Solid State Drive)?

What are Storage Devices?-Different Storage Devices
What is a Computer Mouse

The Computer System-SDLS and its Phases

What is Monitor in Computer?

What is Presentation Software?

History of Computer | Early Calculating Devices

What is Printer? | Different Types of Printers

What is a Pointing Device?

Data and Information in Computer

5 Interesting Facts About Computers History

Different Types of Computer

Software- Definition, types of Software

Abbreviation for Computer Science | IT Abbreviation

Generations of Computers- First to Fifth Generation of Computer

What is Keyboard in Computer

A Brief Overview of the Basic Components of a Computer

Information Network

Computer Network – Types of Computer Network

Computer Network and Network Topologies
Local Area Network(LAN)-Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN

What is a WAN Network? – Advantages and Disadvantages of Wide Area Network

Network Devices – Types of Devices of Computer Network

What is an Integrated Circuit?-Parts of ICs
What is Internet? – History of the Internet, Addressing Schemes

What are the Advantages of the Internet?

What are the Disadvantages of the Internet?

What is World Wide Web? – Components of World Wide Web

What is TCP/IP-History of TCP/IP, And How does TCP-IP work?

Essential Tips for Choosing Best Computer Network Service Provider

OSI Model-7 Layers of OSI Model

Physical Layer of OSI Model – Function of Physical Layer

Application Layer in OSI Model | Application Layer Protocols
Transport Layer of OSI Model | Session Layer of OSI Model

Data Link Layer of OSI Model

Switched Networks-Circuit Switching, Packet Switching

Data Communication

What are Signals in Computer?

Data Transmission Modes–Types of Data Transmission

What is Modem | Types of Modem and Uses of Modem
Communication Channel | Types of Communication Channel

Data Communication – Types of Data Communication, Signals, and Encoding of Data

Computer Architecture

What is CPU?–Components of CPU

Expansion Bus-Types of Expansion Buses

Von Neumann Architecture-Fetch, Decode, And Execute Cycle of CPU

I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)

5 Factors Effecting the Processing Speed

Expansion Card in Computer

What is Cache Memory?-Levels of Cache Memory

What are Computer Ports?-Types of Computer Ports

What are Computer Buses?

What are CPU Registers?-Types of CPU Registers

Memory Units of Computer-Bit, Byte, Nibble, Word

What is Computer Processor-Types of Processor

What are Computer Memory

The Architecture of Computer System

Security-Copyright and Law

Security Threats to data security – Solutions to data security threats.

What is Data Backup?-Purpose of Data Backup
What are Antivirus software-Types of Antivirus Software

8 Ways To Protect Your Computer From Hackers

Windows Operating System

What is an Operating System?

Types and Applications of Operating System

Word Processing

What is Word Processing Software?-Features and Uses of Word Processor

What is MS Word?–MS Word Window Interface
Tables in MS Word-Steps To Create Table,

Shortcut Keys in Computer | Shortcut Keys for MS word and Excel

Spreadsheet Software

What Are Charts in MS Excel?-Types of Charts

What is MS Excel?–MS Excel Window Interface

What is Spreadsheet? – Functions and Uses of Spreadsheet

Fundamentals of the Internet

What is Internet? – History of the Internet, Addressing Schemes

What are the Disadvantages of the Internet?

What are the Advantages of the Internet?

What is E-Commerce? – Roll of E-Commerce in Daily Life

Internet Service Provider(ISP)-Different Types of ISP

Search Engine – History of Search Engine

What is Web Browser – History of Web Browsers

Internet Services – Difference between Intranet and Extranet

What is an Email? – Advantages and Disadvantages of email

What is a Password? – Different types of Passwords

Basics of database

What are Database-Types of Database

Components of Database | Advantages of DBMS over the File system

Database Management System-Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS

Database Languages-Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML)

What are Attributes in DBMS?-Types of Attributes in DBMS

Data Dictionary in DBMS–Types of Data Dictionary

Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS)–Advantages and Disadvantages

Distributed Database Design–Factors of DDBMS

Staged Database Design Approach-Steps of Database Design Approach

Degree of Relationship in DBMS-Unary, Binary, Ternary, and N-ary (n degree) Relationship

Elements of the E-R Model-Entities, Attribute, Relationship

Introduction to C/C++

What are Keys in DBSM?–Types of Keys

History of C Language – Advantages and Disadvantages of C Language

Programming Languages | Language processor

High-Level Programming Language-Popular High-level languages

Basic Syntax of C++ Program

Debugging in Turbo C++ | Different types of Error in C/ C++

Structured Programming Technique-Advantages and Disadvantages

Problem Solving Techniques in Computer Science

Introduction to Flowchart | Difference between Flowchart and Algorithm

Variable in C Language–Variable Declaration, And Variable Initialization

What Are Constants In C/C++?-Literal Constant, Symbolic Constant

Assignment Operators in C++ | Compound Assignment Operators in C++

Increment and Decrement Operators in C++

Relational Operators in C++ | Relational Expressions

Logical Operators in C++ | Different Logical Operators
Arithmetic Operator in C++

Operators in C++ | Unary and Binary operators

C++ Data Types-int, float, char, double, bool

Functions in C/C++ | Advantages of Functions in C/C++

What are Escape Sequences in C Language?

What is While loop in C++ | Syntax of while Loop

do-while loop in C++

For Loop in C++ | Syntax of for loop in C++

Scripting Languages

Scripting Languages-Different Types of Scripting Languages
What is HTML? | Different HTML Tags

HTML Head Tag | Tags under the Head Tag

Applications and uses of computer

Uses Of Computers For Office Automation

Uses of Computers in Communication

Use of Computers in the Field of Chemistry

Applications of Computer in the Agriculture

Uses of Computers in Business

Use of Computer in the Defense Department

Use of Computers in Education Field

Use of Computer at Home

What are the Uses of Computers in the Banks?

What is Computer?

Applications Of Computer In Different Fields

Computers are used in different fields for different purposes.

In Education Department

Computers play an important role in the education sector. They are used for online classes, examinations, e-books, and tutoring. They help to increase the use of audio-visual aids in education.

In Banks

Computers play a vital role in the banking sector as they store customer information and are used to conduct various transactions such as money withdrawals and deposits via ATMs. By extensively using computers, banks have been able to reduce manual errors and expenses significantly.

At Homes

There are many different uses for computers at home. Some people use them to listen to music, watch movies, or even keep track of their finances. Others use them for work or school purposes.

In Medical Field

Computers play an important role in the medical field. They are used to provide better care for patients, and they are also used during surgery. They can keep track of employees and doctors, keep records of medicine, and perform CT scans and x-rays.

In Businesses

A computer is an essential tool for businesses, big and small. It can be used for a variety of tasks, from creating and printing documents to keeping records of projects. Having a computer in the office can help improve efficiency and productivity, and it can also be a great way to stay organized.

In Chemistry

In the field of chemistry, computers are used for a variety of tasks such as research, online publication, and testing.

In Agriculture

Computers have become an important aspect of agricultural productivity, as the industry increasingly relies on technology to streamline various processes. Farming apps help farmers keep track of their inventory, soil conditions, and crop yield, while GPS-enabled equipment helps with mapping and navigation. In addition, automated irrigation systems and weather-tracking software help farmers optimize their water usage and reduce wastage.

In Offices

In the office, we use a computer for a variety of tasks such as creating CVs and other documents, keeping track of employees, and managing customer records.

In Communication

The computer has made it possible for people all over the world to communicate with each other easily. With email, WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, and many other social media apps, we can connect with anyone no matter where they are in the world. In a way, the computer has turned the globe into one big village.

In Defense Department

Computers are utilized in the defense department to create new weaponry and store data on weaponry and soldiers. They play a vital role in organizing different aspects of a soldier’s life, such as monitoring salaries and wages, meal plans, and schedules for training and other events. Having this organized makes it easier for the soldiers to focus on their duties rather than having to worry about other tiny details.

Future of Computer Science

The future of computing will continue to progress at a rapid pace. The amount of data being produced by the human race is increasing exponentially. And, we need more and more sophisticated ways to analyze the data.

The demand for computing is high and is likely to remain high. Computers and the data they produce will become even more useful in the future.

Related FAQs

What does computer science do?

Computer science is the study of developing software and software systems. It uses mathematical models to analyze data, security, and algorithms. Computer scientists define the principles that all software is based on.

Is computer science just coding?

Although computer science and coding may seem very similar, they are in fact two different concepts. Where computer science focuses on the theory of what computers can do, coding is the act of putting this theory into practice. So, while a background in computer science may help you with coding, it is not an essential requirement.

Is computer science is a good career?

If you’re looking for a degree that will lead to an in-demand, high-paying career, look no further than computer science. In the next decade, graduates with a computer science degree will have some of the best job prospects of any degree, with careers in fields like software engineering, artificial intelligence, data science, and more.

So if you’re looking for a degree that will set you up for success, look no further than computer science.

Who is called the father of computer?

Charles Babbage is called the father of computer. He invent the difference engine, on which all the computer based.

What are the applications of computers?

Computers have become a staple in our homes for many reasons such as paying bills online, streaming movies and television, getting tutored from the comfort of our homes, accessing social media, playing video games, and browsing the internet.

Difference between Computer Science and Data Science

February 5, 2023 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The key difference between computer science and data science is, computer science is the study of the design, architecture, and maintenance of computer systems, software, and its applications.

While data science is the study of data that deals with a large amount of data by using different data visualization techniques.

image showing the computer science vs data science

Computer Science and Data Science are related but distinct fields. In this article, we will discuss the main differences between data science and computer science which will be helpful for you to find the difference between both of them.

What is computer science?

Computer science is the study that deals with the design, development, and maintenance of computer systems, software, and applications. It involves the principles of programming languages, algorithms, software engineering, computer architecture, operating systems, databases, computer networks, and artificial intelligence.

Computer scientists use many technologies to solve complex problems and prepare for the future. They also write programs that create different applications. Their main focus is validating models of human-computer interaction with people or machines to develop efficiencies where needed.

What is Data science?

Data science is the study that involves the use of statistical and computational techniques to extract insights and knowledge from data. It combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and domain expertise to analyze large and complex data sets and inform decision-making.

Data Science requires a strong knowledge of computer science, mathematics, and statistics, as well as the ability to work with large and complex data sets. The data scientist has strong communication skills to communicate with stockholders for better understanding.

Computer science vs Data Science

The main differences between computer science and data science are given below:

Computer science	Data Science
Architecture and design are studied in computer science.	In data science, data is manipulated and analyzed.
Speed and Performance	Reduction in Data Redundancy
Computer science is less valuable than data science.	Data science is more valuable than computer science.
It exists for many years.	It is a recently developed branch of technology.
We earn less in computer science as compared to data science.	We can earn more in data science as compared to computer science.
It is used in: Computers Networks Software engineering Security Databases Programming languages Informatics Algorithm designing Bioinformatics	It is used in: Big data analytics User-behavior analysis Data Engineering Fraud detection Recommendation Machine learning Customer analytics Operational analytics Predictive analytics, etc.
Computer science is used for Game development Web development database management IT consultant, etc.	Data science is used for Data modeling Data analysis Data architecture, etc.

What is Data Science? – Applications, Lifecycle, and data scientist

February 4, 2023 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Data Science is the study that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. It uses the combination of elements of statistics, mathematics, computer science, and domain expertise to identify patterns, and relationships, and make predictions or decisions based on data.

The goal of data science is to turn raw data into actionable insights to support decision-making and drive business value.

In this article, we will discuss data science, applications of data science, tools, and more queries about data science. After reading this blog you will surely know all your queries about data science.

The Data Science Lifecycle

The data science lifecycle consists of the following phases:

Problem Definition: In this phase, the data science team defines the problem they are trying to solve and identifies the data they need to solve it.

Data Collection: In this phase, the data science team collects data for analysis. This can involve retrieving data from databases, APIs, or web scraping.

Data Exploration: In this phase, the data science team explores the data to understand its structure and content, and to identify the different issues.

Data Preparation: In this phase, the data science team cleans, transforms, and integrates the data to make it suitable for analysis.

Data Modeling: In this phase, the data science team uses statistical and machine learning techniques to build models to solve the problem.

Deployment: In this phase, the data science team deploys the selected model into a production environment, where it can be used to make predictions or take actions based on the data.

Monitoring and Maintenance: In this phase, the data science team continuously monitors the performance of the deployed model and updates it as necessary to ensure it continues to deliver accurate results.

Applications of Data Science

Data science has many applications and can be used in a variety of industries and fields, including:

Healthcare: Data science is used in healthcare to analyze patient data and make predictions about disease progression, treatment efficacy, and drug efficacy.

Image Recognition: Data science is also used to identify the patterns in images and also detecting objects in an image.

Fraud Detection: Data science is used in finance and banks institute to detect fraudulent transactions.

Retail: Data science is used in retail to analyze customer data, identify trends and preferences, and optimize pricing and inventory management.

Marketing: Data science is used in marketing to analyze customer data and target advertising more effectively, as well as to predict customer behavior and preferences.

Manufacturing: Data science is used in manufacturing to optimize supply chain management, improve quality control, and reduce costs.

Transportation: Data science is used in transportation to optimize routing, improve safety, and reduce emissions.

Energy: Data science is used in energy to optimize energy production and distribution, reduce costs, and improve efficiency.

Sports: Data science is used in sports to analyze the performance of players, predict game results, and improve player training and development.

Data science is also used in many more fields means it is used in every field of life now a day.

data scientist

A data scientist is a professional who uses data to extract insights and make informed decisions. They are responsible for collecting, cleaning, analyzing, and interpreting large sets of complex data to support business objectives.

Data scientists work with teams across an organization, using a combination of technical skills and business acumen to identify patterns and relationships in data. They also use machine learning algorithms and statistical techniques to build predictive models and make data-driven recommendations.

What Does a Data Scientist Do?

Data scientists do all the activities of the data science lifecycle means they identify the problem, collect the data, explore the data and model the data, etc.

Collect and clean data from multiple sources, including databases, APIs, and web scraping.

Explore and analyze data to identify patterns, trends, and relationships.

Build and test predictive models using machine learning algorithms and statistical techniques.

Interpret the results of predictive models and communicate the insights and findings to non-technical stakeholders.

Developed data-driven recommendations to support business objectives.

Visualized and presents data in a clear and meaningful way, using tools such as Tableau, matplotlib, and ggplot.

Difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning

December 11, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The primary difference between machine learning and deep learning is, machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI). Machine learning algorithms are designed to mimic human decision-making processes.

image showing the machine and deep learning

On the other hand, deep learning (DL) is a subset of machine learning that uses neural networks to train computers to perform tasks such as image recognition or speech recognition.

What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), which is a field of computer science that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. In simpler terms, machine learning algorithms create models that enable machines to make predictions based on past data.

Using machine learning, you can create predictive models that take into account all of the factors that affect your business, and then use that model to predict future outcomes. You can even apply these models to real-time data streams to get actionable insights in order to make informed decisions.

What is Deep Learning?

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning where neural networks are trained using backpropagation. Neural networks use layers of neurons to recognize patterns in data. These networks are inspired by how our brains work and are often utilized in tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing.

Deep learning systems have two basic components: layers of non-linear computational units called neurons, and algorithms that teach these networks how to recognize patterns in data. The layers of neurons allow the system to learn abstractions and make generalizations based on previous experience, whereas the training algorithm updates the weights of synapses between the neurons.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as a field of computer science that focuses on building intelligent machines that work and react just like people do. A machine that uses AI is called an “artificial agent” or something similar. There are different types of AI, including natural language processing, image recognition, robotics, autonomous vehicles, etc.

Machine learning vs Deep learning

The important differences between machine learning and deep learning are given below:

Machine learning	Deep learning
Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence.	Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning.
It is an evaluation of AI.	It is an evaluation of machine learning.
In machine learning, more human intervention is involved in getting results.	Deep learning is more challenging to set up, deep learning requires less intervention once it is running.
Most data is required in structured form in machine learning.	Deep Learning models can work with structured and unstructured data both.
Machine learning is suitable for solving simple or little-complex problems.	Deep learning is suitable for solving complex problems.

Difference between Web Browser and Search Engine

December 5, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

The primary difference between a web browser and search engines is, that web browsers are application software designed to access websites over the internet. Search engines are programs that allow users to find information online.

This article will give deep insight into key differences between web browsers and search engines, which will be very helpful for you.

Web browser

A web browser is a software application that enables users to access information on the World Wide Web. Many examples of browsers have a graphical user interface (GUI) and allow users to view hypertext documents written using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

Browsers may also be capable of displaying other types of files, including images, video, audio, and plain text.

Browsers are classified by their type and functionality. A few examples of web browsers are Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Edge. Most people use Google Chrome due to its wide compatibility and ease of use.

Search engine

A search engine is a tool that helps users find information online. Search engines provide information about any topic using keywords. These keywords are then searched across various websites to find the best results.

Popular search engines include Google, Bing, Yahoo!, DuckDuckGo, and Yandex. Google is the most popular search engine worldwide. Google is the most popular search engine.

Components of search engine

The search engine has three main components which are given below:

Crawlers: Crawlers are programs that crawl websites looking for URLs, keywords, and links to discover new updates. They can also be used to monitor web pages or sites for changes.

Crawlers are used to gather data from websites. This data can then be used to create reports or other documents.

Search index: In order to improve the effectiveness of the search results, the crawler continuously crawls websites and builds an index of URLs, links, and keywords.

Search Algorithm: The entire mechanism underlying the search process as a whole is the search algorithm. It operates by looking up the index and locating the best websites by comparing terms that visitors search for.

Web browser vs Search engine

The difference between the web browser and search engine is given below:

Web browser	Search Engine
Web browsers are application software designed to access websites over the internet.	Search engines are programs that allow users to find information online.
We can install multiple web browsers on our system.	There is no need to install the search engine, they are installed by default.
A web browser provides a Graphical Interface to help users experience an interactive online session on the World Wide Web.	there are three parts of the search engine Search index, crawler, and search algorithm
The web browser has no database of its own.	The search engine has its own database
Examples: Google Chrome Firefox Safari Edge Opera	Examples: Google Bing DuckDuckGo, Yahoo Ask

Related FAQs

What is the main difference between a web browser and a website?

A search engine finds, indexes, and ranks material on the internet to respond to your requests, as opposed to a web browser that retrieves data from web servers to show web pages.

Is Google a search engine or a browser?

Google is an example of a search engine and Google chrome is an example of a web browser.

What is a Search Engine?

A program used specifically for locating specific websites on the World Wide Web that searches for and finds objects in a database that correspond to keywords or characters given by the user.

What are the three main components of a search engine?

The search engine has three main components are given below:
Search index
Crawler
Search algorithm.

What is While loop in C++ | Syntax of while Loop

August 24, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

While loop is the simplest loop of C++ language. While loop executes more statements while the given condition will be true. It is useful when the number of iterations is not known in advance.

Syntax of while Loop

The syntax of the while loop is as follows:

while (condition)

statement;

condition: The condition is given as a relational expression. While loop executes statements when the given condition will be true. If the condition is false, the statement is never executed.

Statement: The statement is the instruction that is executed when the condition is true. If two or more statements are used, these are given in braces { }. It is called the body of loop.

The syntax for compound statements is as follows:

while (condition)

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

Statement N;

}

Working of ‘While’ Loop

First of all, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the control enters the body of the loop and executes all statements in the body. After executing the statements, it again moves to the start of the loop and evaluates the condition again.

This process continues as long as the condition remains true. When the condition becomes false, the loop is terminated. While the loop terminates only when the condition becomes false.

If the condition remains true, the loop never ends. A loop that has no endpoint is known as an infinite loop.

Flowchart

Example

#include <iostream.h>

#include <conio.h>

Void main()

{

int n;

clrscr ()؛

n = 1

while (n <= 5)

{

cout << ” Pakistan”<<endl;

n++;

}

getch();

}

Output

Pakistan

#include <iostream.h>

#include <conio.h>

Void main()

{

int n;

clrscr ()؛

n = 1

while (n <= 10)

{

cout << n <<endl;

n++;

}

getch();

}

Output

do-while loop in C++ | Difference between while and do-while loop

August 24, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

do-while is an iterative control in C++ language. A do-while loop in C++ is a type of looping structure that repeats a block of code while a condition remains true. In programming languages, the do-while loop is often used to repeat some action until a certain condition becomes false.

A do-while loop is similar to a while loop, except that it does not have a break statement at its end. Instead, it continues repeating the block of code until the condition becomes false.

Syntax of do-while loop

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

Statement N;

}

while (condition)

do: It is the keyword that indicates the beginning of the loop.

Condition: The condition is given as a relational expression. The statement is executed only if the given condition is true. If the condition is false, the statement is never executed.

Statement: Statement is the instruction that’s executed when the condition is true. Two or further statements are written in braces{}. It’s called the body of the loop.

Working of do-while loop

First of all, the body of the loop is executed. After executing the statement in the loop body the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the control again enters the body of the loop and executes all statements in the body again. This process continues as long as the condition remains true. The loop terminates when the condition becomes false.

This loop is executed at least once even if the condition is false in the beginning.

Flowchart of do-while loop

Example

#include <iostream.h>

#include <conio.h>

Void main()

{

int a, b, c, r;

clrscr ()؛

Cout<< ” Enter the first number: “;

cin>>a;

Cout<< ” Enter the second number: “;

cin>>b;

c = 1;

r = 1;

{

r = r * a;

c = c + 1;

}

While (c<=b);

cout<<“Result is”<<r;

getch();

}

Output

Enter first number: 2

Enter the second number: 3

Result is 8

Difference between while loop and do-while loop

While loop	do-while loop
In a while loop, the condition comes before the body of the loop.	In a do-while loop, the condition comes after the body of the loop.
If the condition is false in the beginning while the loop is never executed.	do-while is executed at least once even if the condition is false in the beginning.

For Loop in C++ | Syntax of for loop in C++

August 24, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

For loop executes one or more statements a number of times. This loop is also called a counter-controlled loop. It is the most flexible loop. That is why most programmers use this loop in programs.

Syntax of for loop

Initialization: It specifies the starting value of a counter variable. One or many variables can be initialized in the initialization phase. To initialize many variables, each variable is separated by commas.

Condition: The condition is given as a relational expression. When the condition is true the statement is executed just at that time. When the condition is false the statement is never executed.

Increment/ decrement: This part of the loop specifies the change in the counter variable after each execution of the loop. To change many variables, each variable must be separated by a comma.

Statement: Statement is the instruction that is executed when the condition is true. If two or more statements are used, these are given in the braces {}. It is called the body of the loop.

for loop have three expressions which are separated by semicolons. Two statements (initialization and increment/ decrement expressions) are optional.

Working of for loop

The number of cycles depends on the initialization, condition, and increase/ decrement parts. The initialization portion is executed as it were once when the control enters the circle. After initialization, the given condition is assessed.

On the off chance that it is genuine, the control enters the body the of circle and executes all articulations in it. At that point, the increment/decrement portion is executed that changes the esteem of a counter variable. The control again moves to the condition part. This process continues while the condition remains true. The loop is terminated when the condition becomes false.

Flowchart of for loop

Example

#include <iostream.h>

#include <conio.h>

Void main()

{

int n;

clrscr ();

for(n=1; n<=5; n++)

cout<<n<<endl;

getch();

}

while (n <= 5)

{

Output

What is Presentation Software?- Features of Presentation Software

August 3, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Presentation software is a type of application software that uses graphics, animation, sound, and data or information to make a visual presentation. These presentations can be used directly on the screen of computer

The presentations can also be viewed as slides on a screen or projection screen. The user can also print them for different uses.

image showing the presentation software and its features

Some examples of presentation software are MS PowerPoint, Keynote, and Presentations.

Features of Presentation Software

Some important features of presentation software are as follows:

Formatting

Presentation software has many formatting facilities. We can change the color of text, background color, style of your text, and size.

Printing

Presentation software provides a printing facility. The user can print slides to get a hard copy Printing can be of the whole presentation or of any range of

Predefined Formats

Presentation software provides many predefined presentations formats with different background colors, text styles, and graphics for the presentation

Slide Layout

Presentation software provides different slide layouts. The user can select any layout for your presentation. Presentation software provides the facility to add sounds and

Audio and Video

Presentation software provides the facility to add sounds and videos in the presentation. It enhances the effects of the presentation.

Auto Shapes

Presentation software allows the user to draw different geometrical shapes, arrows, flowchart symbols, stars, and banners on the slide.

Clipart gallery

Presentation software includes a clipart gallery that contains images, photos, video clips, and audio clips for the presentations.

Spelling and Grammar

Spelling and Grammar features are used to detect and correct the spelling and grammatical mistakes in the presentation.

Animation

Presentation software provides the facility to animate the contents of presentations. Different types of movements can be applied to different components of the presentation. It makes the presentation more attractive.

Slide transition:

Presentation software can be used to apply special effects to the transition between slides. Slide transitions are the visual movements as one slide changes to another. By default, one slide simply replaces the previous screen.

Slide Timing

Slide timing is used to set the timing of slides. The presentation automatically displays the next slide after a preset delay. The user can rehearse the presentation to know the time required to complete the presentation.

Speaker Notes

Presentation software provides the facility to add speaker notes to a presentation. The notes can be used to remember important points during a presentation or to give to the audience.

Programming Languages | Language processor

July 23, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

A set of symbols, words and codes used to write a program is called program language. Different programming languages are available for writing different programs. Some languages are used to write specific programs and some are specially used to write business programs.

Types of Programming Languages

There are two types of programming languages known low-level-language and high-level-language.

Low-Level Languages

Low-Level-Languages are far from humans and near to the computer. A computer can easily understand these languages. Deep knowledge of the internal structure of computer hardware is necessary to write programs in a low-level language.

There are two types of low-level languages machine language and assembly language.

Machine Language

In machine language, instructions are written in a binary form known as machine language. Computers only understand the machine language directly. It is the fundamental language of the computer.

Programs written in machine language can be executed very fast by computer. Programs written in machine language are machine-dependent. Every computer has its machine language. Machine language is difficult to understand by humans.

Lots of time is required to write and modify a program written in machine language. It is also known as the First generation language.

Assembly Language

Assembly Language is a Low-Level Language. It is one step higher than machine language. In assembly language, symbols are used instead of binary code.

These symbols are called mnemonics. For example, Sub instruction is used to subtract two numbers.

It is also known as a symbolic language. It requires less time as compared to machine language to modify and write programs in assembly language. It is mostly used for writing system software. It is also known as a second-generation language.

High-Level Language

A high-level language is near to humans and far from the computer. It is easy to understand humans. Programmers can easily write programs in a high-level language.

The program written in a high-level language can easily be modified. In a high-level language, the program is written in simple English like print and input. High-level languages are further divided as:

Procedural Languages
Object-Oriented Languages
Non-Procedural Languages

There are different types of high-level languages.

High-level programming languages are closer to human languages and to machine code than low-level languages. They are similar to English in that they are easier for people to read and write.

image showing the popular high-level languages

C/C++: It is a high-level programming language that is used to develop applications and system software. It is one of the most popular programming languages. It is not more difficult to use than another programming language. It is also called C, C++ language.

It is used for an operating systems like windows, Linux, Mac, and android operating system. It is used for web applications. It is used for the applications like office automation, games, multimedia applications, database system, and many more.

Java: Java is a platform-independent programming language. It can be used to develop applications that can run on any platform. The applications developed in java can run on operating systems like Windows, UNIX, Mac operating system, etc.

Pascal: Pascal is a popular high-level language used to develop business and scientific applications

FORTRAN: FORTRAN, short for Formula Translation, is a powerful mathematical programming language used to develop applications with complex mathematical functions.

BASIC: BASIC stands for Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code and it is just a basic programming language that is perfect for those just starting to learn to code and create software.

COBOL: COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language which is used for mathematical applications. It was created in 1959 and is still in use today.

Characteristics of high-level language

Easy to learn.
Error detection is easy in a high-level language.
In a high-level language, deep knowledge is not required.
High-level languages depend on the machine.
High-level languages are easy to learn so most people come to learn the high-level language.
The length of the program is shorter in high-level language than in low-level language.

Language Processor

Computers only understand machine language. The program is written in a high-level language and assembly language cannot be executed by the computer. So, it’s necessary to convert both languages into machine language before execution.

Language processors and translators are software that converts high-level language and assembly language to machine language.

Types of language processor

There are different types of language processors or translators.

Compiler

A compiler is a program that converts instructions written in a high-level language into machine language as a whole. Compilers are very large programs, with error-checking and other functions.

A program written in a high-level language is known as source code. The compiler converts the source program into machine code known as object code.

The compiler checks each statement in the source program and generates the machine instructions. It also checks the syntax error in the program.

A compiler only converts the programs of only the language for which it is written. For example, the C compiler can translate only those programs that are written in C language.

Interpreter

The interpreter converts the instruction statement by statement. It first converts one statement if there is an error it stops working and displays the error message before converting the next statement.

The advantage of interpreters over compilers is that an error is found immediately. So the programmer can correct errors during program development.

The disadvantage of the interpreter is that it is not very efficient because it does not produce an object program. It must convert the program each time it is executed. Visual Basic uses an interpreter.

Assembler

An assembler is translating program that translates the instruction of an assembly language into machine language.

High-Level Programming Language-Popular High-level languages

History of C Language

Basic Syntax of C++ Program

Debugging in Turbo C++

Introduction to Flowchart

Problem-Solving Techniques in Computer Science

Variable in C Language

What Are Constants In C/C++?

Assignment Operators in C++

Increment and Decrement Operators in C++

Relational Operators in C++

Logical Operators in C++

Arithmetic Operator in C++

Operators in C++

C++ Data Types

What are Escape Sequences in C Language?

What is While loop in C++?

do-while loop in C++

For Loop in C++

Functions in C/C++

Related FAQs

What are the 5 main programming languages?

There are different types of programming languages:
C/C++
Java
Python
SQL
Java Script, etc.

What are the 3 language processors?

Language processor has three types:
·     Compiler
·     Interpreter
·     Assembler

What is a language processor used for?

A language processor is used to translate the source code into machine code. Like GCC is used to translate the C/C++ code into machine code.

What is a compiler?

A compiler is software that is used to convert the source code into the machine code as a whole. It is faster than an interpreter because it consumes less time.

What is an interpreter?

It converts the source code into machine code statement by statement. It is slower than a compiler because it consumes less time as compared to the compiler.

Is Java a low-level language?

No, java is not a low-level language. It is a high-level language.

What are the advantages of High-Level Languages?

The main difference between high-level languages over low-level languages is that they tend to be more English-like, meaning they are much easier to read, write, and maintain for the user. Programs written in high-level languages must first be translated into machine language so that the computer can read and execute them.

What are the 3 levels of programming languages?

The three levels of programming languages are as follow:
Assembly language
Machine language
High-level language

Which is the easiest coding language?

The easiest programming language is HTML and CSS. HTML is a hypertext markup language that is used for making web pages. CSS is used for styling.

Problem Solving Techniques in Computer Science

July 21, 2022 by Sehrish Basharat Leave a Comment

Problem-solving is the process of identifying a problem and finding the best solution for it. Problem-solving is a technique that can be developed by following a well-organized approach. Every day we encounter many problems and solve them.

Every problem is different. Some problems are very difficult and are needed more attention to recognize the solution.

A problem may be solved by multiple methods. One solution may be faster, cheaper, and more reliable than others. It is important to choose a suitable worthy solution.

Different strategies, techniques, and tools are used to solve a problem. Computers are used as a tool to solve complex problems by developing computer programs.

Computer programs contain different instructions for computers. A programmer writes instructions and the computer executes these instructions to solve a problem. A person can be a good programmer if he has the skill of solving problems.

Problem-Solving Techniques.

There are three different types of problem-solving techniques.

Program
Algorithm
Flowchart

Program

A set of instructions given to a computer to solve a problem is called a program.

A computer works according to the given instructions in the program. Computer programs are written in programming languages. A person who develops a program is called a programmer.

The programmer develops programs to instruct the computer on how to process data into information. The programmer uses programming languages or tools to write programs.

Advantages of Computer Program

Different advantages of computer programs are as follows:

A computer program can solve many problems by giving instructions to the computer.
A computer program can be used to perform a task again and again and fastly.
A program can process a large amount of data easily.
It can display the results in different styles.
The processing of a program is more efficient and less time-consuming.
Different types of programs are used in different fields to perform certain tasks.

Algorithms & Pseudo Code

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. The process of solving

problem becomes simpler and easier with help of algorithm. It is better to write an algorithm

before writing the actual computer program.

Properties of Algorithm

Following are some properties of an algorithm:

The given problem should be broken down into simple and meaningful steps.
The steps should be numbered sequentially.
The steps should be descriptive and written in simple English.

Algorithms are written in a language that is similar to simple English called pseudocode. There is no standard to write pseudo code. It is used to specify program logic in an English-like manner that is independent of any particular programming language.

Pseudocode simplifies program development by separating it into two main parts.

Logic Design

In this part, the logic of the program is designed. We specify different steps required to solve the problem and the sequence of these steps.

Coding

In this part, the algorithm is converted into a program. The steps of the algorithm are

translated into instructions of any programming language.

The use of pseudo-code allows the programmer to focus on the planning of the program. After the planning is final, it can be written in any programming language.

Example

The following algorithm inputs two numbers calculate the sum and then displays the result on the screen.

1. Start

2. Input A

3. Input B

4. Total A+B

5. Display Total

6. Exit

Example

The following algorithm inputs the radius from the user and calculates the area of a circle.

Hint: Area 3.14* radius* radius)

1. Start

2. Input radius in r

3. area = 3.14* r* r

4. Print area

5. End

Advantages of Algorithm

There are many advantages of an algorithm

Reduce complexity

Writing algorithm and program separately simplifies the overall task by dividing it into two simpler tasks. While writing the algorithm, we can focus on solving the problem instead of concentrating on a particular language.

Increased Flexibility

An algorithm is written so that the code may be written in any language. Using an algorithm, the program could be written in Visual Basic, Java or C++, etc.

Ease of Understanding

It is not necessary to understand a particular programming language to understand an algorithm. It is written in an English-like manner.

Flowchart

A flowchart is a combination of two words flow and chart. A chart consists of different symbols to display information about any program. Flow indicates the direction processing that takes place in the program.

Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. It is a way of visually presenting the flow of data, operations performed on data, and the sequence of these operations.

Flowchart is similar to the layout plan of a building. A designer draws the layout plan of the building before constructing it. Similarly, a programmer prefers to design the flowchart before writing the computer program. Flowchart is designed according to the defined rule.

Uses of Logic Flowchart

Flowchart is used for the following reasons

Flowchart is used to represent an algorithm in a simple graphical manner.
Flowchart is used to show the steps of an algorithm easily.
Flowchart is used to understand the flow of the program.
Flowchart is used to improve the logic for solving a problem.
Programs can be reviewed and debugged easily.